Herein we review and discuss epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies on diabetic cystopathy, a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus with a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, providing directions for future research. A search of published epidemiological, clinical, or preclinical trial literature was performed using the key words "diabetes", "diabetic cystopathy", "diabetic bladder dysfunction", "diabetic lower urinary tract dysfunction", "diabetic detrusor instability". The classic symptoms of diabetic cystopathy are decreased bladder sensation, increased bladder capacity, and impaired bladder emptying with resultant increased post-void residual volume. However, recent clinical evidence indicates a presence of storage symptoms, such as overactive bladder symptoms. The pathophysiology of diabetic cystopathy is multifactorial, including disturbances of the detrusor, neuron, urothelium, and urethra. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and polyuria play important roles in inducing voiding dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Treatment choice depends on clinical symptoms and urodynamic abnormalities. Urodynamic evaluation is the cornerstone of diagnosis and determines management strategies. Diabetes mellitus could cause a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, leading to diabetic cystopathy with broadly varied estimates of the prevalence rates. The exact prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetic cystopathy remains to be further investigated and studied in multicenter, large-scaled, or randomized basic and clinical trials, and a validated and standardized workup needs to be made, improving diabetic cystopathy management in clinical practice. Further studies involving only female diabetics are recommended.

This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that acupuncture is safe with significant improvements in patient assessment of overactive bladder symptoms and may be considered a clinically alternative treatment for overactive bladder in female adult.

This randomized controlled trial showed that bladder training before urinary catheter removal did not increase the chance of TWOC success significantly in spontaneous AUR patients with BPH.

DM alters voiding patterns significantly, causing various lower urinary tract symptoms in a significant proportion of diabetic women. Diabetic cystopathy is a progressive condition with a spectrum of clinical symptoms and urodynamic findings. The prevalence of diabetic cystopathy is very high in Dujiangyan, China.

This indicated that the new technique may be a reliable and specific method for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 21.

Based on Online Charging System in one communication operator, the paper analyses some reasons for low online rate of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) in this system. It is out of balance load and has low resource utilization. Some optimization schemes are proposed in this paper. It optimizes the process of the front, dispatch and inverse count module. It adds junction proxy cluster to ensure load balancing. The ratio of receive to response is optimized in the front. The zero fee Charge Detail Records (CDRs) and signaling CDRs in the GPRS are distinguished with special processing. By comparing system performance, the data shows that the optimization module performance is much better than the old one in processing ability and efficiency. It assures load balancing and takes up less host resource and storage space. Online rate is significantly improved and the remind delay is greatly be shortened. It is effective in energy saving and cost reducing on operation and maintenance.

An 8-year-old girl presented with recurrent redness, warming, and pain of the lower extremities for more than 4 years, with exacerbation and accompanying swelling for the past 1 year and ulcers for 1 month. The episodes were triggered by exertion and heat. Her family history revealed that her mother had experienced similar symptoms. Physical examination showed proximal white nails and the distal border in normal color. There was some ulceration in the dorsum of the feet with thick, yellowish secretions, covered by some crusted lesions. Laboratory culture result showed that there were many Monilia guilliermondii in the ulcer specimen. Finally, she was diagnosed with juvenile onset of primary erythromelalgia and was given symptomatic treatment for neuropathic pain and pedal ulcers.