Natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) blends are widely used in industrial areas for absorbing vibrations and shocks because of their excellent elastic stability. However, when an industrial-equipment surface is exposed to sunlight and oxygen over a long period of time, the rubber hardens. As a result, the tensile properties of the rubber material and the behavior of the strain-energy density function are changed, greatly reducing the performance of the rubber product. However, only a few experimental studies on the aging characteristics of NR/BR blends are available, and it is difficult to find a study that analyzes the organic relationship of the changes in the mechanical (stress-strain curves, strain-energy density, etc.) and chemical (cross-linked structure, crosslink density, etc.) properties. In this study, a swelling test was performed on an aged rubber compound, and the result was substituted into the Flory-Rehner equation to obtain the quantitative crosslink density. The results revealed a linear relationship between the strain-energy density (SED) and the crosslink density (CLD) when the cross-linked structure increase was represented by a parallel spring model. Finally, the relationship between the strain-energy density and the crosslink density was summarized as a formula, and a method for predicting the aging behavior of NR/BR blends using the crosslink density was proposed.

This paper describes the manufacturing method and properties of a superalloy as a gas turbine blade material and a thermal barrier coating to protect it. The development process of superalloy and characteristics of each casting method were introduced. In particular, the single crystal superalloys were analyzed for creep and tensile properties with temperature according to chemical composition. In addition, the theories of creep life prediction models were summarized and comparative analysis was performed. Finally, the manufacturing processes of thermal barrier coatings were introduced, and the characteristics and effects of mechanical, thermal, and durability characteristics of each manufacturing process are described. We believe that this comprehensive review will help not only the gas turbine industry/community, but also material scientists, measurement physicists/engineers, and theorists interested in superalloys and high-temperature ceramics.

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Polymers are widely used in various industries because of their characteristics such as elasticity, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance and low temperature. In particular, the tensile characteristic of rubber composites is important for the stability of industrial equipment because it determines the energy absorption rates and vibration damping. However, when a product is used for a long period of time, polymers become hardened owing to the changes in characteristics because of aging, thereby reducing the performance and increasing the possibility of accidents. Therefore, accurately predicting the mechanical properties of polymers is important for preventing industrial accidents while operating a machine. In general reactions, the linear Arrhenius equation is used to predict the aging characteristics; however, for rubber composites, it is more accurate to predict the aging characteristics using nonlinear equations rather than linear equations. However, the reason that the characteristic equation of the polymer appears nonlinear is not well known, and studies on the change in the characteristics of the natural and butadiene rubber owing to degradation are still lacking. In this study, a tensile test is performed with different aging temperatures and aging time to evaluate the aging characteristics of rubber composites using strain energy density. We propose a block effect of crosslink structure to express the nonlinear aging characteristics, assuming that a limited reaction can occur owing to the blocking of reactants in the rubber composites. Consequently, we found that a relationship exists between the crosslink structure and aging characteristics when the reduction in crosslink space owing to aging is represented stochastically. In addition, a modified Arrhenius equation, which is expressed as a function of time, is proposed to predict the degradation rate for all aging temperatures and aging times, and the formula is validated by comparing the degradation rate obtained experimentally with the degradation rate predicted by the modified Arrhenius equation.

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