The transmittance minima of 18 absorption bands of a solution of 40 g/L holmium oxide in 10% (volume fraction) perchloric acid are certified as intrinsic traceable wavelength standards, by means of a multicenter measurement on material from a single source coupled with comparisons of a variety of preparations of the material evaluated on a single instrument. Fit-for-purpose artifact standards for the experimental calibration or validation of wavelength scales of chemical spectrophotometers can be carefully produced by end users themselves or by commercial standards producers. The intrinsic (data) standard confers traceability to the SI unit of length in place of costly transfer artifacts and repetitive calibration procedures. Certified values are provided for instrumental spectral bandwidths of 0.1–3.0 nm in 0.1 nm intervals, and information values are provided to a spectral bandwidth of 10 nm at wider intervals. Expanded uncertainties are typically less than ±0.1 nm for certified band positions.
Antioxidant compounds and activities were investigated for both northern (Uiseong) and southern ecotype (Namhae) domestic garlic stems. The contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and allicin in garlic stems were measured. Antioxidant activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of garlic stems were compared determining lipid peroxidation on the linoleic acid system, electronic donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA). The amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenolic compounds and allicin in northern ecotype were significantly higher, but vitamin C content was lower than those of southern ecotype garlic stems. The allicin contents of garlic stems and garlic bulbs were 26.1±1.0~28.2±0.9 and 33.2±0.7~33.5±0.8 mg%, respectively. All antioxidant activities were higher in methanol extracts of garlic stems than in ethanol extracts and were higher with northern ecotype than those with southern ecotype extract. The SOD-like activity of garlic stem extract was higher than that of garlic bulbs while EDA, lipid peroxidation and NDA of garlic stem extracts were lower than those of garlic bulbs. Antioxidant activities of garlic stems were more than 50% of garlic bulbs.
We observe that the transmission and reflection efficiencies of a one-dimensional metallic grating under transverse-magnetic illumination calculated using the Fourier modal method (FMM) with the Fourier factorization rules have peculiar fluctuations, albeit small in magnitude, as the number of field harmonics increases. It is shown that when the number of Fourier terms for the electromagnetic field is increased from that in the conventional FMM, the fluctuations due to non-convergent highly evanescent eigenmodes can be eliminated. Our examination reveals that the fluctuations originate from the Gibbs phenomenon inherent in the Fourier-series representation of a permittivity function with discontinuities, and from non-convergence of highly evanescent internal Bloch eigenmodes.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance, sensory and physicochemical characteristics of muffin added glutinous(GSP) and non-glutinous sorghum powder(NGSP). As increasing the amounts of sorghum powder, proximate (moisture, ash and protein) and minerals composition(K, Ca, Mg and Na) of muffin were significant difference. The weight, volume, height, lightness(L-value) and yellowness(b-value) were decreased as increasing the amounts of sorghum powder. In the results of sensory evaluation, appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall quality of untreated muffin were 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.0, 1.1 and 0.9, and muffin added 10% GSP and NGSP were scored relatively high. Antioxidant compounds contents of muffin added sorghum powder were increased as increasing the amounts of sorghum powder. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities on methanolic extracts of untreated muffin were 0.74 and 1.31 ㎎ TE/g ER, respectively. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of 100% GSP muffin were 9.40 and 19.14 ㎎ TE/g ER, and 100% NGSP muffin were 10.59 and 18.78 ㎎ TE/g ER, respectively. The results of this study show that notable antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity on muffin added sorghum powder are considered to have significant health benefits.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.