Total excision of EACs may have little benefit in terms of cyst recurrence and clinical outcome. The procedure for EAC resection carries a risk of complications such as kyphosis. If EAC resection is performed, we suggest that a tailored short-level laminotomy be used to allow for the repair of dural defects. Particularly in patients with small EAC, a partial hemilaminectomy with dural defect repair may be a possible method to reduce complications.

The dual-energy computed tomographic (CT) technique allows the differentiation of materials with large atomic numbers such as iodine and xenon. The basic principle of dual-energy CT is material decomposition based on attenuation differences at different energy levels. By using dual-energy CT angiography for the evaluation of perfusion defects in cases of pulmonary embolism, and using xenon CT for the evaluation of ventilation defects, it may be possible to replace perfusion and ventilation scanning. An iodine map from dual-energy CT can demonstrate the distribution of pulmonary perfusion, whereas xenon ventilation CT can be used to generate a ventilation map. Furthermore, the virtual nonenhanced dual-energy CT technique can be used for the evaluation of pulmonary nodule characteristics without acquisition of true nonenhanced CT images. Knowledge of the applications of dual-energy CT and the typical images produced may lead to wider use of dual-energy CT for pulmonary applications and better interpretation of the results.

We present a device structure of SiO2∕SiN∕Al2O3 (SANOS). The use of a high-k dielectric material, specially Al2O3, in the blocking oxide concentrates the electric fields across the tunnel oxide and SiN, and releases it across the blocking oxide under program and erase mode. This effect leads to lower program and erase voltage as well as faster erase speed than the conventional SiO2∕SiN∕SiO2 (SONOS) device. Moreover, it is shown that the fast erase operation is performed even at a thicker tunnel oxide over 30Å where the hole direct tunneling current through the tunnel oxide is reduced significantly and thus the SANOS device has the excellent bake retention.

The trend of excellent radiologic outcome was observed for IP≥CP>CA. Plating may play a key role in the support of anterior height. As a result, plating prevents segmental kyphosis and subsidence and promotes bone fusion. Although the overall clinical outcomes were not different among the 3 groups, except for arm pain, more favorable trends regarding clinical outcome were observed for CP≥IP>CA.

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Posterior surgeries resulted in clinical improvements although with loss of cervical lordosis in CSM with OPLL patients. OPLL may worsen more frequently after LA. LF and laminoplasty are preferable techniques in this condition, with the former better for patients with high baseline SVA distances.

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