We propose a context-aware edge-based packet forwarding scheme for vehicular networks. The proposed scheme employs a fuzzy logic-based edge node selection protocol to find the best edge nodes in a decentralized manner, which can achieve an efficient use of wireless resources by conducting packet forwarding through edges. A reinforcement learning algorithm is used to optimize the last two-hop communications in order to improve the adaptiveness of the communication routes. The proposed scheme selects different edge nodes for different types of communications with different context information such as connection-dependency (connection-dependent or connection-independent), communication type (unicast or broadcast), and packet payload size. We launch extensive simulations to evaluate the proposed scheme by comparing with existing broadcast protocols and unicast protocols for various network conditions and traffic patterns.
Spring gale is a dynamic power for DSs (DSs), which presents a close connection with the DSs of northern China. Both display declining trends during the past 68 years . In this study, the influencing factors of spring gales and DSs around northern China and possible adjustment functions of the East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection pattern have been investigated. It was found that the major systems controlling spring gales include the North Polar vortex (NPV), mid-high-latitude blocking highs (BHs), air pressure status of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) over the Eurasian continent, India-Burma trough (IBT) and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). Under synthetic atmospheric circulation conditions of an enlarged NPV, lower air pressure over the TP, a strong IBT, and a southeastward-retreated WPSH, spring gales increase, and the frequency of DS occurrence is increased, and vice versa. Additionally, spring gales are also negatively affected by BHs. The most important is the Baikal BH, which has influence not only in previous seasons but also in the contemporary spring. Furthermore, the NPV and IBT have close negative correlation with the EA pattern, whereas the TP and WPSH have positive correlation with the EA pattern both in previous seasons and in the contemporary spring. A high-pitched EA pattern results in a strong western current north of Lake Baikal, which may prohibit the expansion of the NPV in the sector of northern China. A shrunk NPV means infrequent cold air attacks and decreased gales and DSs.
Aims: To comprehensively understand the current status of vascular plants and provide background materials for the conservation of plant diversity in Fujian Province, the list of vascular plants in the region needs to be updated. This study revises and updates the species list of vascular plants in Fujian Province in the post-flora era. Methods: Based on Flora of Fujian, we refered to related literature, examined herbarium specimens, consulted relevant lists and databases, and incorporated the results of field investigations conducted by the authors and other front-line peers. The checklist of vascular plants in Fujian Province was sorted according to the latest classification systems ofvascular plants (APG IV system, Yang system, and PPG I system). The list included the family and genus information, Chinese name and Latin name, and the county and city distribution information data sources for each species.Results: In total, there were 5,587 species belonging to 256 families and 1,807 genera of wild, naturalized, and cultivated vascular plants in Fujian Province (wild: 231 families, 1,402 genera, and 4,550 species). This included 414 species of lycophytes and ferns belonging to 102 genera and 32 families, 76 species of gymnosperms belonging to 38 genera and 10 families, and 5,097 species of angiosperms belonging to 1,667 genera and 214 families, respectively. Compared with Flora of Fujian, 8 families, 216 genera, and 1,107 species were newly added. The five largest families of lycophytes and ferns species were Dryopteridaceae (67), Polypodiaceae (51), Pteridaceae (51), Thelypteridaceae (42), and Athyriaceae (38). Among the gymnosperms, the families and the genera with the largest number of species were Cupressaceae (15 genera, 25 species) and Pinus (14 species), respectively. The top 10 largest families of angiosperms are Poaceae (452), Leguminosae (305), Compositae (279), Orchidaceae (244), Cyperaceae (225), Rosaceae (198), Labiata (188), Rubiaceae (126), Malvaceae (85), and Lauraceae (80), with a total of 2,180 species, accounting for 39.0% of the total number of vascular plant species in Fujian Province. The top five largest genera were Carex (94), Rubus (58), Ilex (54), Phyllostachys (38) and Persicaria (36). Conclusions: This work improves the species distribution profile and specimen information, thus providing basic information for the survey, assessment, and conservation of plant diversity in Fujian Province. Additionally, this study can be used to further develop botany-related disciplines, and the revision of Flora of Fujian.
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