Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become the integral part of English Language Teaching (ELT) to meet the needs of the present day world. It has brought significant changes in the traditional teacher-centered lecturing methods. However, this emerging field of study has not been researched rigorously in the context of Nepal. Considering this, the research study carried out at the Department of English Education, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu aimed to find out the commonly used ICT/Web tools in ELT and its positive impact on ELT practice. The sample size of the study consisted of 40 English teachers of private Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools of Kathmandu Valley. The informants were selected using judgmental non-random sampling from Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts in a proportionate way. A questionnaire consisting of both close-ended and open-ended questions was used as a data collection tool. The data were analyzed and interpreted descriptively and statistically. The result of the data obtained revealed that the ICT tools such as mobile phone, laptop, multimedia projector and web tools like YouTube, Facebook, wiki, email, blog are used in ELT and have positive impact on ELT.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v19i1-2.12076 Journal of NELTA, Vol 19 No. 1-2, December 2014: 1-16
Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Though COPD is mainly a chronic disease, many patients experience exacerbations that are related to worst survival outcome, especially with abnormal serum electrolyte level. The objective of this study was to evaluate serum electrolyte levels among the patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Methods: Structured questionnaire and patients’ charts were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.0 and descriptive statistics were used to generate the research findings. Results: The mean age of the patients with Acute exacerbation of COPD was 69.57± 9.765 years. Among 100 patients, (83%) belonged to the age group of 60 years and above, (54%) were male, (74%) were married, (52%) were illiterate and (41%) were engaged in agriculture, (41%) consumed alcohol and (67%) were smokers. Dyspnoea (90%) was the most common symptom. The mean level of sodium and potassium were 133.8±4.830 mEq/L, 3.6±0.533 mmol/L, respectively. Fifty seven percent patients had electrolyte disorder. More than half (51%) had hyponatremia and (40%) had hypokalemia. The average value of pH, PaCO2 and PaO2 are 7.34 ± 0.727, 46.64 ± 9.787 mm Hg and 69.38 ± 9.255 mm Hg respectively. Among them, (18%) were in respiratory failure. Conclusion: This study concluded that hyponatremia and hypokalemia are prevalent electrolyte disorder with AE of COPD patients. Therefore, we recommend routine monitoring of the serum electrolytes for better outcomes of patients.
Introduction: The prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with COPD is significantly higher than the general population; there are serious barriers to the recognition and treatment of these co-morbid conditions. The study aimed to identify the anxiety and depression among patients with COPD. Methods: A cross sectional study design was adopted and consecutive sampling technique was used to collect 131 samples. A structured interview schedule of Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory was used. Results: Low level of anxiety was found among 83(63.4%) of COPD patients whereas 16(12.3%) had potentially concerning levels of anxiety. It also reveals that 31(23.7%) of the COPD patients were suffering from moderate depression, 14(10.7%) had severe depression whereas 7(5.3%) had extreme depression. A total of 28(21.4%) of them were free from depression. There was association between alcohol consumption and depression (p=0.00). Likewise, there was association between age (p=0.03), educational status (p=0.04), types of family (p=0.00), smoking habit (p=0.01), duration of disease diagnosed (p=0.01) and duration of treatment (p=0.00) with anxiety. Conclusions: It is concluded that one fourth of the COPD patients had moderate level of anxiety as well as depression. Additionally, some of the COPD patients also suffered from extreme depression.
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated with the pathogenicity of gastro-duodenal ulcers and gastric cancers. Combination of several antimicrobial therapies and regimens have been advised for H. pylori treatment. But, resistance to various antibiotics regimens are being documented worldwide. The present study was undertaken to study the efficacy of commonly used 3 different regimens for eradication of H.pylori infection in Nepalese patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital based study comprising of 405 subjects, was conducted. Each study patient underwent upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy followed by rapid urease test or histopathology from the biopsy sample for H. pylori detection. Patients were randomly subjected to 3 different H. pylori eradication regimen. After 4 weeks of therapy, patients were re-evaluated for persistence of H. pylori infection either by repeat UGI endoscopy followed by RUT or C14- Urea Breadth Test. Data analysis was done by SPSS 20. Results: Mean age of the patients was 34.4±8.72 years (M: F=1.5:1) with male predominance. H. pylori eradication rate was only 65.9% in patients using standard triple regimen using Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin and PPI (Group A). Eradication rate was greater (77.8%) with Levofloxacin based regimen (Group B) and 83.3%. with sequential regimen containing Amoxicillin followed by Clarithromycin and Tinidazole with PPI (Group C). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the current standard Amoxicillin and Claritrhromycin based triple regimen has lowest eradication rate followed by levofloxacin based regimen. The sequential regimen was the most efficacious among the 3 different regimens for H. pylori eradication.
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