Anaemia is the commonest problem in pregnancy throughout the world and vast majority of this burden occurs in developing countries especially in Nepal. The study was aimed for determining the various risk factors of anaemia in group of pregnant women of eastern region located in Nepal. To assess prevalence of anaemia and to identify the association between the demographic variables of pregnant women of eastern region. Thus there is necessity for investigate the prevalence of anaemia for pregnant women. This was a follow-up study design was for the study in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar conducted from Oct. 2014 to Jan. 2016.A total of 545 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Venous blood was obtained for determination of haemoglobin and questionnaire was designed to collect age of marriage, age of first child birth and socioeconomic status. Women were followed up at delivery. Haemoglobin levels of 10-10.9 g/dl, 7.0-9.9 g/dl and <7 g/dl were considered as mild, moderate severe anaemia respectively. The collected data were analysed using SPSS 2, programme. Chi-square test and p-value was used. A total of 545 pregnant women were included in this study. Their mean age was 25.93±4.60. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 40.7% (N=222). The mild, moderate and severe anaemia were at rates of 55.0% (N=122),39.2% (N=87) and 5.9% (N=13) respectively. Women aged 20-24 years were found more anemic with prevalence by severity of 42.8% (N=95). The mean age of marriage and first child birth were 21.92±3.02 and 23.47±2.96 respectively. Majority of pregnant women were at high school level with nuclear family and monthly income NRs<5000 were 35.0% (N=191). Anaemia is significant risk factor for maternal mortality in Nepal. Prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy was 40.7% and this rate is higher to those indicated in others developing countries. In our study population Women with pregnancy had a higher risk of anaemia at the age group 20-24 years by severity of 42.8%. The study revealed that anaemia present at considerable levels in eastern Nepal.
Anemia of schedule caste women in Rural area ofeastern Nepal is a prominent problem in developing countries. On the present study is to determine the prevalence of anemia of schedule caste women of Baijnathpur, eastern Nepal. A Cross sectional study was conducted to the schedule caste non -pregnant women of the age group 20 - >70 years during August - November 2015.A total 432 women were participant in the present study. Cyanmethamoglobin used for the determination of anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 242(56%) out of N= 432 women. Anaemia was classified as per the world health organization (WHO), mild, moderate and severe. The highest prevalence of anaemia 66.7% was found at the age group of 50-59 years and second highest 59.3% was found at the age group of 20-29 years of the anaemic population. The mean and SD of haemoglobin were 11.49±2.05gm/dl and 10.14±1.57 gm/dl of total and anaemic population respectively Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 264-268
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a serious health-problem worldwide and the estimation of its plasma concentration is crucial. The study aims to determine the circulating levels of vitamin D in patients visiting Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, one of the tertiary care centers of Eastern Nepal. Materials and Methods: It was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. From the hospital registry, clinical data of 250 patients including their age, gender and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D was retrieved for the four months of May – August, 2021. The vitamin D status was classified as deficiency (<10 ng/mL), insufficiency (10–30ng/mL), sufficiency ≥ 30ng/mL) and toxicity (≥ 100 ng/mL). Results: Out of total subjects (n=250), none of them showed toxic serum concentrations of vitamin D, 38% had sufficient, 57% had insufficient and 5% had deficient levels of this vitamin. Among affected individuals, vitamin D insufficiency had predominated in 41% population who were 41-60 years old. Gender-wise comparison of vitamin D status in the insufficiency group showed around 33% males and 67% females having insufficient levels of this vitamin. Conclusion: With the vitmain D inssufficieny present in more than half of the study population, it becomes paramount to further scrutinize the associated factors apart from the age and gender. To this end, further studies are needed.
Background: TSH and circulating thyroid hormones are measured in serum as part of a thyroid function test (TFT), which evaluates the thyroid gland's ability to produce and regulate thyroid hormones. The objective of the current study was to compare the technical performance between ELISA, FEIA and the currently marketed automated CLIA for measuring the TSH level. Material and methods: A total of 1,200 participants were enrolled in the study. Subjects were chosen randomly, either OPD patients or inpatients of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA), Enzyme-linked Immunoassay (ELISA) and Fluorometric Enzyme Immunoassay (FEIA) technologies were performed. Results: The total number of patients (1200) was categorized into group I, normal TSH (n = 680); group II, elevated TSH (n = 300); and group III, decreased TSH (n = 220). CLIA and FEIA based results were significantly more sensitive compared to ELISA results for TSH detection. Conclusion: Chemiluminescence assay system, when compared to FEIA and ELISA, is far superior in terms of accuracy and sensitivity for reporting both subnormal and above normal TSH levels and can be helpful in the detection of subclinical thyroid dysfunction (SCTD) and in the screening of thyroid diseases.
Introduction: The periurethral and transition zones of the prostatic gland develop benign prostatic hyperplasia and represent an inevitable phenomenon for the ageing male population. Prostatic specific antigen, is a serine protease, level rises in the blood if the barrier between thelining epithelium and the blood stream is damaged. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma and prostatitis are three common diseases where PSA in the serum is raised. Prostate volume also increases according to age, which can be estimated by trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Objective: The aim of the study is to estimate the PSA level in blood and its relationship with prostate volume in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. Methodology: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was carried out between a periods of 1st April 2018 to 31st March 2019 at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. All the patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia at the department of urology were included in the study. Blood samples of patients were analyzed for Prostate specific antigen level estimation by chemiluminescence immunosorbent assay. Prostatic volume of the patients was measured by Transabdominal ultrasound technique. Data were entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 patients were diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia. The mean age of the patients was 61.8±12.3 years. The maximum number 23 of patients with BPH was there in age group 51-60. The maximum no of patients 38 were having their PSA level between the range of 4.0-10.0 ng/ml. The maximum no of patients 28 was having Prostate volume in the range of 40-60 gm. The maximum number of patients 31 was having diabetes mellitus as a co-morbid association. The maximum mean PSA level and prostate volume in the patients were observed in age group >80 years,which was 20.1±8.6 ng/ml and >80 gm respectively. Conclusion: The prostate specific antigen level and prostate volume both increase in advance age group of patients suffering with benign prostate hyperplasia.
Background A study was conducted to evaluate Prostate specific antigen (PSA) level in different age group of patients in Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Biratnagar, Eastern Nepal.Material and Methods A total of 1870 male patients (age 51-88), attending OPD in different departments of NMCTH, were sent to Clinical Laboratory Services for estimation of Prostate specific antigen from 1st January 2013 to 30thJune 2014 and recruited for this study after Institutional ethical approval. Blood serum of these patients was tested for Prostate specific antigen level by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA). Mean value and standard deviation were calculated using Student’s two–tailed t–test. Analysis of data was performed using one– way ANOVA. Results are considered statistically significant if p ≤0.05.Results Out of 1870 patients, 178 patients showed significantly higher level of PSA in their serum when compared to normal individuals. Out of this 178, 37 were from age group of 51-60, 51 were from age group of 61-70, 42 were from age group of 71-80 and 48 were from age group of 81-88. The remaining 1692 patients were having PSA within normal limit. PSA was found to be elevated up to a maximum of 34.5 ng/ml in patient. PSA level of <4 ng/ml was considered normal for this study.Conclusion This study, thus determines the diagnostic level of PSA, in different age group of patients comparing with normal individuals in eastern Part of Nepal that can help in diagnosis, prognosis and management of prostate cancer.Journal of Nobel Medical College Volume 5, Number 1, Issue 8, January-July 2016, 14-19
Background: Mid-trimester maternal serum markers have been used for prenatal aneuploidy screening for a long time. The aim of the study was to assess the mid-term serum levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoproteins for placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes (PMAPOs) in preterm and term pregnancies. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study involving nulliparous women with singletons without aneuploidy or fatal fetal abnormalities was carried out a tertiary care hospital, Morang, Nepal. AFP and β-hCG levels were estimated between 13 and 17 weeks of gestation in the mother's serum. All values were in multiples of the median (MoM) and compared between women with PMAPOs. Results: The serum levels of AFP and β-hCG were obtained in 176 out of 300 nulliparous women. The MoM of serum β-hCG (1.3 vs 1.1) and AFP (1.4 vs 1.1) were higher in PMAPOs-affected women than in controls. Conclusion:Preterm PMAPOs, but not term PMAPOs, are more likely in the present study when maternal serum AFP or β -hCG levels are more significant than 2.0 MoM. If fetal growth is within the normal range at 37 weeks of gestation, it is advisable that women with increased serum β-hCG or AFP receive regular prenatal care.
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