Cassia oil (CO) from different parts of Cinnamomum cassia have different active components. Very few pharmacological properties of cassia leaf oil have been reported. This study investigated and compared effects of cassia leaf oil and cinnamaldehyde on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774A.1 cells. Volatile compositions in cassia leaf oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. Effects of CO and cinnamaldehyde on LPS-activated J774A.1 cells were investigated by determining nitric oxide (NO) production using Griess reaction assay; expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes involve in inflammatory mediators; antiinflammatory cytokines, and iron exporter ferroportin1 (Fpn1) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 using ELISA. The main component of CO was cinnamaldehyde. Both oils at 1-20 μg/ml markedly inhibited NO production in LPS-activated J774A.1 cells with IC50 value of 6.1 ± 0.25 and 9.97 ± 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. They similarly inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These mediators included TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in LPS-activated cells. They also significantly decreased expression of inducible enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1. In the opposite way, they increased mRNA expression and the production of antiinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. In addition, they promoted the expression of Fpn1. These results demonstrated that inhibitory effects of cassia leaf oil from C. cassia mainly came from cinnamaldehyde. This compound not only inhibited inflammatory mediators but also activated antiinflammatory mediators in LPS-activated J774A.1 cells. It may also have an effect on iron regulatory proteins in activated macrophages.
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl (TL) has been traditionally used as an antidote, anti-inflammatory, and anti-drug addiction. This study investigated the burn wound healing activity of TL leaf extract (TLL) from supercritical CO2 extraction in rats. The extract was prepared to 2.5%, 5%, and 10% gel (TLL gel). Rats were induced to second-degree burn wounds. They were randomly divided into six groups (six rats/group), which five groups were topically applied gel base, 1% silver sulfadiazine gel, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% TLL gel, respectively, for 14 days. Six untreated burn rats were used as the control group. The rats in each group were evaluated for wound healing rate, histological parameters, and wound collagen content. Rats treated with 10% TLL gel had a higher wound healing rate than rats in the control and untreated groups. An increase in collagen content, which indicates good regeneration of wound skin, was observed in the TLL treated rats from a pathological study by Masson's trichrome and collagen content assay. The results from this study suggest that T. laurifolia leaf extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction promotes the recovery of wound skin by shortening the inflammation phase, increasing collagen content, and stimulating fibroblasts proliferation and migration in wound healing.
Active learning is an important shift in pedagogical paradigms in recent decades. Previous studies establish many benefits from this learning strategy. However, an implementation is challenging. This study aimed to clarify an explanation of the benefits and challenges of active learning from various educational field students’ perspectives. This study was conducted in a general education course at Chulalongkorn University. Underpinning with a mixed-method study, 22 undergraduates were interviewed in a focus group study. Results were analyzed with deductive thematic analysis and contributed to 23 items in close-ended questionnaires for a cross-sectional quantitative survey study. Notably, 222 undergraduates revealed their attitude toward active learning including benefits and challenges. Quantitative data were analyzed with analytical statistics including the Mann-Whitney U test, and these results are supported by thick descriptions derived from the qualitative data. This study revealed students’ attitude in benefits of active learning dividing into cognitive domain, student efficacy, and 21st century skills, and also challenges of active learning in teachers, students, and pedagogical aspects. Health science undergraduates tended to agree that active learning exposure enhances effective active learning than non-health science undergraduates (U = 2843, p = 0.029). An educational theory is also discussed with these results, and an educational implication to achieve an effective learning strategy is presented in this study.
Introduction: Harrisonia perforata root is one of the five medicinal plants in Bencha-Loga-Wichien remedy used for the treatment of fever in Thai traditional medicine. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and the action mechanism of the ethnolic extract from the root of H. perforata in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and treated with either the ethanolic extract of H. perforata at dose 5-400 mg/kg or indomethacin 5 mg/kg or vehicle. Rat paw volume was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after carrageenan injection. The in vitro mechanism of the antiinfammatory response was investigated through the measurement of mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the macrophage cell. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage, J774A.1 cell, were exposed to different concentration of Harrisonia perforata root extract (12.5-50 µg/ml). mRNA expression, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Results: H. perforata root extract 50-400 mg/kg significantly reduced the effect of acute inflammation in rat paw edema by 28.49%-65.05% at 2 hour after carrageenan injection. Cell viability were not significantly altered by the presence of H. perforata extract 3.125-50 µg/ml. It was found that the maximum inhibitory effect for TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were 49.83, 47.27 and 32.16% respectively. The concentration of the extract produced maximum effect were 50 µg/ml for both TNF-α and IL-1β but for IL-6, it was 12.5 µg/ml. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract from H. perforata root possesses anti-inflammatory effect. This may occur via suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.
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