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Indium tin oxide powder with an In to Sn mole ratio of 95:5 was successfully prepared from a coprecipitated In–Sn hydroxide gel by hydrothermal processing followed by calcination at relatively low temperatures (∼500 °C). Hydrothermal treatment of the In–Sn coprecipitated gel at 300 °C for 24 h led to the formation of a single phase of tin-doped indium oxyhydroxide (InOOH:Sn). Under hydrothermal conditions the oxyhydroxide phase appeared well crystallized with particles ∼80 nm in size. Calcination of the oxyhydroxide phase above 450 °C in air yielded a substitutional-vacancy-type solid solution of In2Sn1−xO5−y.

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Compositionally homogeneous indium tin oxide (ITO) ceramics with low porosity were obtained successfully by sintering hydrothermally prepared powders. The fabrication technique began with the preparation of microcrystalline, homogeneously tin-doped (5 wt%) indium oxyhydroxide powder, under hydrothermal conditions. Low-temperature (ϳ500°C) calcination of the hydrothermally derived powder led to the formation of a substitutional-vacancy-type solid solution of In 2 Sn 1؊x O 5؊y , and further heating of this phase at temperatures of >1000°C resulted in the formation of the tin-doped indium oxide phase, which had the C-type rare-earth-oxide structure. The sintering of uniformly packed, calcined powder compacts at 1450°C for 3 h in air resulted in low-porosity (ϳ0.7%) ITO ceramics.

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