Context: Vegetables are sources of natural antioxidants which have beneficial health-promoting properties. Aims: This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents in vegetable extracts. Settings and Design: The experiment was divided two groups using six vegetable peels and fleshes, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), bitter gourd (Monordica Charantia L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschana Duchesn), Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Materials and Methods: The samples were extracted with 95% ethanol for 24 hrs and then analyzed the antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP assay and total phenolic contents was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Statistical analysis used: All the analysis was done in triplicate, and values are represented as means ± standard deviations. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance differences between mean values were determined by Tukey's multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents using SPSS version 21. Results: The results revealed that antioxidant activities were different statistically significant in each group (p < 0.05). Carrot peel was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.80 ± 6.14%) and reducing power (0.75 ± 0.25 mM Fe 2+ /g extract) and potato flesh could inhibit DPPH radical (35.60 ± 0.63 %) and had the highest FRAP value (0.61 ± 0.78 mM Fe 2+ /g extract). Pumpkin peel and Chinese radish flesh had the most total phenolic contents as 110.45 ± 22.49 and 142.15 ± 3.53 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Although no correlations was between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents in extracts but were significant correlations between DPPH and FRAP assay in vegetable peels and fleshes as 0.931 and 0.819, respectively. Conclusion: This study substantiates the potential of vegetable peels to be used as functional foods and natural free radical scavengers.

Abstract. Chanate W, Wasan D, Pisarut Y, Rungtip S. 2020. The diversity, population, ecology, and conservation status of waterbirds in the wetland of Bangpu Nature Education Center, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3910-3918. Wetlands are a crucial habitat for waterbirds as they provide feeding and breeding sites and increase survival rates during the non-breeding season. This study aimed to update the status of waterbirds in Bangpu Nature Education Center, Samut Prakarn Province, Thailand by evaluating the species diversity and abundance. The ground count survey was conducted at 3 habitats: mangrove forest, mudflat, and bungalow accommodation from March to October 2017. A total of 34 waterbird species classified under 5 orders, 8 families, and 22 genera were observed. The majority of waterbird species (23 species) were found in the mudflat area with the least number (12 species) observed in the bungalow accommodation location. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) showed that the mudflat area had significantly greater diversity compared with the other sites. The mudflat area also had the greatest species richness (D) (2.89) and species evenness index (E) (0.38), respectively. The Sorensen similarity index (CS) indicated that the greatest similarity in species (66.67%) was found between the mangrove and bungalow areas. A total of 6 residents, 20 migratory species, and 8 species with both resident and migratory populations were found with 4 species classified as abundant, 3 as common, 15 as moderately common, and 12 as uncommon species identified. In addition, the conservation status of waterbirds is becoming increasingly important with 5 near-threatened species (NT) already identified according to IUCN, 2016 and Red Data of Thailand, 2007, consisting of Heteroscelus brevipes, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata, Mycteria leucocephala and Vanellus cinereus. It is recommended that monitoring the conservation status of the Bangpu wetlands should be continued to maintain waterbird diversity.

Abstract. Pikulthong V, Bhirompan S, Dechkla M, Mokkapan K, Boonman N, Wanna C, Machana K, Phakpaknam S. 2022. Local herbs for pain relief in the area of Tumbon Khao Hin Son, Chachoengsao, Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 5012-5019. Local herbs have been used in Thailand for years. However, data collection on the use of local herbs in particular areas has not been thorough. This study aimed to survey local herbs treating pain relief in the area of Tumbon Khao Hin Son, Amphoe Phanom Sarakham, Chachoengsao, Thailand. Semi-structured interviews were used. Purposive sampling was used to determine the sample group. In the survey and study on botanical characteristics, from November 2019 - March 2020, 68 plants were identified and classified into 29 families. The local herbs which were mostly used for pain relief included 7 species from the Acanthaceae family, 6 types from Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and 5 types from Zingiberaceae. The leaves of herbaceous plants had the highest frequency of use. A remedy, Ko-Klan, was found and prepared using a boiling method that could relieve pain. The surveyed herbs were used to treat 4 main symptoms which were body pain, stomachache, headache, and toothache. It was found that 36 species of herbs, or a majority of them, were used to directly relieve the pain. The interviews showed that 27% of the respondents had some home-grown herbs which were used for cooking and basic illness treatment. The age of the respondents was relevant to the use of herbs. The findings in this study will be the foundation for local herb studies which support and are aware of Thai local wisdom and knowledge as guidance to alter herbs for pharmaceutical purposes in the future.

Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties. Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50% and 100% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means ± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey's multiple comparison tests at 95% least significance difference (p< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28% and 9.85% respectively. Mature coconut water 100% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77% and followed by tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml as 4.82% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusion: It concluded that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune. Key-words: Antioxidant, Free radicals, Total phenolic contents, Coconut water, Schizophyllum commune Fr. Key Messages: The tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml was suitable for holding the antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents and also boiling affect to loss of antioxidant compounds in S. commune. The findings from this study provide information for alternative selection of coconut water as natural hormone.

Abstract. Boonman N, Chutrtong J, Wanna C, Boonsilp S, Chunchob S. 2023. Antimicrobial activities of endophytic bacteria isolated from Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Biodiversitas 24: 1971-1979. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from various parts of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Total 35 isolates were obtained which were consisting of eight isolates from the roots (AconR1-AconR8), nine isolates from the stems (AconS1-AconS9), seven isolates from the leaves (AconL1-AconL7) and 11 isolates from the flowers (AconF1-AconF11). These endophytic bacteria were examined for their antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The AconR2 and AconR4 inhibited the growth of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enterica ser. typhi, whereas Escherichia coli was only inhibited by AconR2. For the antifungal activities assay, all isolated endophytic bacteria revealed no effect on Candida albicans, while six endophytic isolates exhibited more than 80% mycelial growth inhibition against Microsporum canis. These highly effective isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The Bruker scores revealed that AconR2 and AconR4 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, AconS1 and AconS6 were classified as Enterobacter asburiae, Acon L5 and Acon F9 were identified as Bacillus cereus. The results indicated that these endophytic bacteria isolated from A. conyzoides effectively inhibited the growth of human pathogenic filamentous fungi and showed promise for further development as novel antifungal agents.