Background: Traditional cooling rice powder (bedak sejuk) is a fermented rice-based cosmetic that is applied topically on one's skin, as an overnight facial mask. According to user testimonies, bedak sejuk beautifies and whitens skin, whereby these benefits could be utilised as a potential melanoma chemopreventive agent. Objective: Hence, this study aimed to determine the effects of bedak sejuk made from Oryza sativa ssp. indica (Indica) and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (Japonica) on UVB-induced B164A5 melanoma cells, and also identify the antioxidant capacities of both types of bedak sejuk. Methods: The optimum dose of Indica and Japonica bedak sejuk to treat the cells was determined via the MTT assay. Then, the antioxidant capacities of both types of bedak sejuk were determined using the FRAP assay. Results: From the MTT assay, it was found that Indica and Japonica bedak sejuk showed no cytotoxic effects towards the cells. Hence, no IC 50 can be obtained and two of the higher doses, 50 and 100 g/L were chosen for treatment. In the FRAP assay, Indica bedak sejuk at 50 and 100 g/L showed FRAP values of 0.003 ± 0.001 μg AA (ascorbic acid)/g of bedak sejuk and 0.004 ± 0.0003 μg AA/g of bedak sejuk. Whereas Japonica bedak sejuk at 50 g/L had the same FRAP value as Indica bedak sejuk at 100 g/L. As for Japonica bedak sejuk at 100 g/L, it showed the highest antioxidant capacity with the FRAP value of 0.01 ± 0.0007 μg AA/g of bedak sejuk which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) when compared to other tested concentrations. Conclusion: In conclusion, Japonica bedak sejuk has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to Indica bedak sejuk despite both being not cytotoxic towards the cells. Regardless, further investigations need to be done before bedak sejuk could be developed as potential melanoma chemoprevention agents.
The high incidence and mortality of skin cancer along with the development of chemotherapy resistance have urged researchers to look into alternative strategies to combat cancer. Chemoprevention is one of the well-researched strategies using natural products. Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) is a local seasonal fruit that is mainly found in Sarawak, Malaysia. The leaves of the fruit harbor many medicinal useful phytochemicals that provide a new insight for chemoprevention. The present research has been planned to study the chemopreventive activity of methanolic extract of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaves on UVB induced B164A5 melanoma cells through its antioxidant profiles. The extract displayed statistically significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity by enhancing superoxide dismutase, SOD (1023.02 ± 106.74 U/mg protein) and catalase (0.12 ± 0.003 U/mg protein) activities compared to negative control. Low oxidative damage was also observed whereby the protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05), 1.69 ± 0.296 nmol/mg protein and 1.181 ± 0.03 nmol/mg protein respectively. In conclusion, the extract exhibited a promising skin cancer chemoprevention activity through its significant antioxidant activities. These findings evidently pave the path for further investigations in chemoprevention strategy.
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