Although three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has gained much attention in the field of tissue engineering, there are still several significant engineering challenges to overcome, including lack of bioink with biocompatibility and printability. Here, we show a bioink created from silk fibroin (SF) for digital light processing (DLP) 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering applications. The SF-based bioink (Sil-MA) was produced by a methacrylation process using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) during the fabrication of SF solution. The mechanical and rheological properties of Sil-MA hydrogel proved to be outstanding in experimental testing and can be modulated by varying the Sil-MA contents. This Sil-MA bioink allowed us to build highly complex organ structures, including the heart, vessel, brain, trachea and ear with excellent structural stability and reliable biocompatibility. Sil-MA bioink is well-suited for use in DLP printing process and could be applied to tissue and organ engineering depending on the specific biological requirements.

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Generally, there were no significant differences in recurrence rates according to clinical stage or surgical approach. Given the rate of delayed recurrence, follow-up of >3 years is required. Moreover, surgeons should always consider combined approaches to reduce the chances of recurrence.

IT dexamethasone might be a good primary treatment method for ISSHL; but, for the management of ISSHL, we should keep in mind the differences in hearing outcomes with regard to frequency.