Lead (Pb) is one of the heavy metals that have received considerable attention as a poisonous pollutant and has a bad effect on living things, one of them on plants, especially food crops such as rice (Oryza sativa L.). Lead exposure has been shown affected by rice plant growth, but require further testing of the anatomy. This research was conducted with the aim to know the effects of heavy metal lead (Pb) on the chlorophyll and anatomy of rice, especially the anatomy of roots and leaves. The rice variety used is Inpari-32. This research type is experimental, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The experimental design used in this study was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of three treatments variations with nine replications. Chlorophyll content was analyzed by ANOVA test while root and leaf anatomy was done descriptively. From the measurement result using a spectrophotometer, it showed significant differences for chlorophyll content in each treatment, where the average result of chlorophyll analysis from the three treatments was 39.31 mg/L (P0), 16.294 mg/L (P1), and 10.815 mg/L (P2). From the analysis, it has been known that the values Fvalue > Ftable (27.798.532,356 > 3,40), it can be concluded that lead exposure effects total chlorophyll content and caused anatomic structures to change of the roots and leaves of rice.
OsHox-6, belongs to the transcription factor homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) protein sub-family I, has unknown function. This study was aimed to characterize the phenotypes of two homozygous transgenic rice lines (S29-62-2 and S.40.4-158-1) containing an extra copy of OsHox-6 gene under the control of a rice constitutive promoter, OsLEA3, and to evaluate their tolerance to water stress. A real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the transcript expression of OsHox-6 gene in the transgenic lines increased 5-10 folds under a normal irrigation and 10-20 folds after exposure to water stress conditions as compared to its wild type control. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsHox-6 exhibited phenotypic alteration at the normal irrigation by inducing tiller formation, suggesting a decrease in the apical dominance. Transgenic plants also showed significant enhancement in the total grain number, however, the number of empty grains also increased significantly (~16-22%). After imposed to the water stress, the number of empty grains in the transgenic lines was even higher (up to 83% in average). Furthermore, observations on the water loss rates, relative water contents and drought resistance indices (DRI) suggested that the overexpression of OsHox-6 did not significantly increase tolerance to water stress. Further research is required to reveal the detailed mechanisms of OsHox-6 in response to water and other abiotic stresses.
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