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The objectives of the study are to develop an understanding of major changes such as the effectiveness of government, economic growth, religion, and the socio-political role of the middle-class people that have taken place in the society and politics of Bangladesh over the last few years. Apart from that this study also intends to analyze the crisis of the democratic system in Bangladesh and the widespread influence of religion on politicians of the society. In addition to that, the context of the developments of economic growth in Bangladesh has been significant over the last few decades, which has helped in the emergence and development of a new middle class in the country. In the past, it has been said theoretically and in the light of the experience of different countries that economic growth and development of the middle class simultaneously strengthen democracy and reduce the political appeal of religion in society and politics. All in all, this study attempted to present some hypotheses on the particular issues of Bangladesh.

The first consensus standardised neonatal parenteral nutrition formulations were implemented in many neonatal units in Australia in 2012. The current update involving 49 units from Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and India was conducted between September 2015 and December 2017 with the aim to review and update the 2012 formulations and guidelines. Methods: A systematic review of available evidence for each parenteral nutrient was undertaken and new standardised formulations and guidelines were developed. Results: Five existing preterm Amino acid-Dextrose formulations have been modified and two new concentrated Amino acid-Dextrose formulations added to optimise amino acid and nutrient intake according to gestation. Organic phosphate has replaced inorganic phosphate allowing for an increase in calcium and phosphate content, and acetate reduced. Lipid emulsions are unchanged, with both SMOFlipid and ClinOleic preparations included. The physicochemical compatibility and stability of all formulations have been tested and confirmed. Guidelines to standardise the parenteral nutrition clinical practice across facilities have also been developed. Conclusions: Formulations and guidelines to standardise parenteral nutrition practice across the Australasian region have the potential to improve nutrition and clinical outcomes of neonates. Standardisation can also result in cost savings, quality improvement and error minimisation in PN prescribing and ordering.

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Women’s empowerment has become a major concern of both developed and developing countries across the world. Women are often largely marginalized from economic, political, and familial spheres because they tend to have limited access to economic resources, health care, and education and suffer disproportionately from the effects of poverty, discriminatory laws, practices, attitudes and gender stereotypes, and so forth. This study assesses the level of women’s empowerment by scrutinizing economic, political, and interpersonal and familial factors in rural Bangladesh. The study employed qualitative interviews and focus group discussions to determine the contribution of a food for work program that was not designed to empower women, to women’s perception of empowerment. The study interviewed 305 respondents in two districts and ten subdistricts using a purposive sampling procedure. The study showed some evidence of enhanced economic empowerment, strong evidence of increased local political empowerment, and evidence of interpersonal empowerment among women participating in the program.