In this paper, the impact of communication time delays (CTDs) on combined load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) of a multi-area system with hybrid generation units is addressed. Investigation reveals that CTDs have significant effect on system performance. A classical PID controller is employed as a secondary regulator and its parametric gains are optimized with a differential evolution - artificial electric field algorithm (DE-AEFA). The superior performance of the presented algorithm is established by comparing with various optimization algorithms reported in the literature. The investigation is further extended to integration of redox flow batteries (RFBs) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) with tie-lines. Analysis reveals that IPFC and RFBs coordinated control enhances system dynamic performance. Finally, the robustness of the proposed control methodology is validated by sensitivity analysis during wide variations of system parameters and load.
This paper made an attempt to put forward the comparative performance analysis of different energy storage devices (ESDs), such as redox flow batteries (RFBs), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device and ultra-capacitors (UCs), in the combined frequency and voltage stabilization of a multi-area interconnected power system (MAIPS). The investigative power system model comprises two areas, and each area consists of the power-generating sources of thermal, hydro and gas units. The intelligent control mechanism of fuzzy PID was used as a secondary controller optimized with a hybridized approach of the artificial electric field algorithm (HAEFA) subjected to the minimization of integral time absolute error (ITAE) objective function. However, the superiority of fuzzy PID in dampening the deviations of combined load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) responses was revealed upon comparison with conventional PI and PID. Further, the LFC-AVR combined analysis was extended to incorporate different ESDs one after the other. The simulation results reveal the efficacy of incorporating ESDs with the LFC-AVR system and the supremacy of RFBs in damping out the fluctuations in frequency and voltage.
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