Stakeholder participation is widely acknowledged as being critical to building local capacity to recover from and adapt to disaster events. However, there exists little analytical insight on the factors that affect this participation. Specifically, research is needed on how policies made for disaster recovery facilitate or constrain participation, particularly for places facing unprecedented and catastrophic disasters. This paper uses the case study example of the recovery of Nagapattinam (India) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to illustrate how recovery policies set the stage on which stakeholder participation occurs. First, recovery policies did not clearly define beneficiaries of the programs, thus leaving these decisions to interpretations on the ground. Second, recovery policies empowered certain stakeholders over others. And lastly, recovery policies did not provide any standards for the community consultation process. This led to a variety of participatory processes on the ground and opened up the possibility of cooptation by more powerful social groups. The paper uses these lessons to suggest measures for policymakers facing similar unprecedented and catastrophic disasters to facilitate stakeholder participation in recovery and it calls for further research on this subject.
Metal cutting or machining is a backbone of manufacturing industries. In machining process, heat is generated and it must be removed with the help of cutting fluid. Generally, hydrocarbon oil based cutting fluid is used, but it leads to environmental pollution and as well as operator's ill health. Solid lubrication is a good alternative to hydro carbon oil based cutting fluid. In this work, turning process is carried out on Inconel 718 with perpendicular direction textured cutting insert filled with different solid lubricants. Solid lubricants as lubricant materials, which are basically solid but become soft due to frictional heat at the point of contact. In this work, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) and Graphite solid lubricants are used. Experiments are performed as per L 9 orthogonal array and the effect of each process parameter is determined through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result revealed that solid lubricant with textured tool produces a continuous lubricating layer on the surface of the tool due to the thermal expansion of heat produced during machining. This thin layer may reduce friction in the machining zone. Perpendicular direction textured cutting inserts are used to reduce friction and good surface finish is obtained. Compared with MoS 2, graphite has shown better results in terms of surface finish due to its low shear strength properties.
Metal cutting or machining is a backbone of manufacturing industries. During metal cutting process heat generated has to be removed with cutting fluid. Commonly used cutting fluid is hydrocarbon oil based but it contributes to environmental imbalance and the ill health of the operator. Solid lubrication is a good alternative to conventional cutting fluid. Turning process is carried out on Inconel 718 in the present work with solid lubricants filled in parallel, perpendicular and cross direction textured cutting inserts. The two solid lubricants used are Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and Tungsten Disulphide (WS2).Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used to perform experiments and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method is used to identify the effect of each process parameter on the output. Solid lubricants are inherently solid as lubricant material but will become smooth due to frictional heat at point of contact. The result uncovered that a persistent film of solid lubricant is formed on the facet of the tool because of the heat produced due to thermal expansion. This film layer may knock down the friction in the machining zone. Among all, perpendicular direction textured cutting inserts have reduced friction and good surface finish is obtained. Compared with MoS2, WS2 has shown better results in terms of surface finish.
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