Stakeholder participation is widely acknowledged as being critical to building local capacity to recover from and adapt to disaster events. However, there exists little analytical insight on the factors that affect this participation. Specifically, research is needed on how policies made for disaster recovery facilitate or constrain participation, particularly for places facing unprecedented and catastrophic disasters. This paper uses the case study example of the recovery of Nagapattinam (India) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to illustrate how recovery policies set the stage on which stakeholder participation occurs. First, recovery policies did not clearly define beneficiaries of the programs, thus leaving these decisions to interpretations on the ground. Second, recovery policies empowered certain stakeholders over others. And lastly, recovery policies did not provide any standards for the community consultation process. This led to a variety of participatory processes on the ground and opened up the possibility of cooptation by more powerful social groups. The paper uses these lessons to suggest measures for policymakers facing similar unprecedented and catastrophic disasters to facilitate stakeholder participation in recovery and it calls for further research on this subject.
Introduction: Pigmented VillonodularSynovitis is a rare, benign condition which is locally aggressive and can undergo malignant transformation. It is characterized mostly with a hyper plastic synovium, large effusion and bone erosions. On an average it is clinically correctly identified after 4.4 years of presentation. It mostly involves the smaller joints and in larger joints commonly seen in the knee joint. Case Report: 49 years old male presented with right knee pain since 3 months, insidious in onset, localized in nature, with difficulty in walking and sitting for a long time with no episode of injury on the right knee. The patient had one episode of instability with occasional episodes of locking. Clinically there was retro patellar tenderness with full range of movement of the knee. MRI showed a lesion measuring approximately1.5*1.5*0.5 cm in the retropatellar space suspected to be a loose body. Arthroscopically a localized soft tissue growth was noted in the retropatellar space which was resected. Histology of the resected lesion demonstrated localized PVNS. Conclusion: The findings in this case suggest that localized PVNS may be mistaken as a loose body radiologically and there must be a high suspicion of PVNS in a localized abnormal growth in the knee joint.
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