Cycles of Low Oil Prices have occurred so far three times in the last two decades, and it has become evident that it is a feature of the Industry. In the low oil price scenario a condition arises whereby the break even value of the field is higher than the sales price. The traditional response recipes have been so far a resize of the activity involving layoffs and cancelling or putting projects indefinitely on hold. A closer look tough shows that while the average production cost of the barrel may be non economical, still certain oil generating activities can yield profitable oil. On the other side stream lining the process for both surface and down hole activities incorporating cost effective innovative solutions and best practices can reduce the production cost. Further looking into the capital expenses with critical eyes, performance oriented contracts, merging from purchasing to leasing, among others can result in additional savings. Likewise goal alignment to explore for creative models jointly with the Product and Service Providers provides another stream of cost optimization. This paper presents a viable alternative that allows E & Ps to refocus on cost effective measures to keep profitability or at least to minimize loses. Specific real case examples are shared. For heavy and Extra heavy Oil Fields the impact of above is emphasized due to the lowered marked price that the higher oil viscosity triggers.
Waste lube oils (WLO) are discarded as they do not fulfill their lubricating function. In Peru, as of 2019, an offer of 23,922 MT of lubricating oils for light vehicles was estimated, of which 11,961 MT are WLO. The recycling of WLO is important to protect the environment, its treatment has several benefits such as being an energy source, avoiding oil consumption, and protecting the environment from toxic substances. A recycling alternative is a pyrolysis as it is an economical and ecologically friendly process. The yield and quality of liquid fuels obtained by carrying out no ncatalytic and catalytic pyrolysis with kaolin as catalyst was investigated, the effect of temperature and the catalyst: WLO ratio on the yields of liquid fractions were evaluated. In non-catalyticpyrolysis, the conditions that yield a quality product like diesel a re, pressure of 68 kPa, the temperature of 480 °C, and 300 rpm for the agitator. The yield of liquid products is 90% , solids 3.9% , and ga ses 6.9% . The liquid product obtained at that temperature is closer to meeting the Peruvian diesel specification. The flashpoint of the pyrolytic liquid at this temperature is 58 °C and meets the diesel specification. The pyrolytic liquid at this temperature shows a better quality with respect to its flashpoint, but the volumetric yield of the diesel-type middle distillate fraction decreases. In both cases, the pyrolysis product requires further treatment to be used as a commercial fuel.
A system of well monitoring in real time was developed, that is cost-effective and reliable. It allows the the obtained the real time data gattering. Among the advantages of this system is the low price and effectiveness; as it uses low cost electronic components and an inexpensive communication network. The main electronic components used, are the Arduino controller and the wireless information transmitter using the free bandwidth in the world: 2.4GHz, which allows programming a more effective communication network (ZigBee Network); the power supply is based on photovoltaic cells (5V). The ZigBee Network Technology achieved its goal of keeping all interconnected points. The limited range of the transmitters (1500m) was overcome by the use of interconnected network points, which can build a grid to cover the entire field. The tested prototype was composite of four points in a transmition station – simulating a control room The system is based on good quality and low cost equipment, that aims to reduce the production deferment and artificial lift equipment failures; by the implementation of a system that generates alerts according to the monitored parameters.
Natural gas is an energy source less contaminant than oil or coal and it is transported through pipes or as liquefied natural gas (LNG). PERU LNG directs the first LNG plant in South America, which has a capacity of 4.45MTPA and uses the technology C3MR for the liquefaction. This technology employs a refrigerant mixture formed by ethylene and other light compounds due to the ethane/methane ratio in the feed is not enough to make a refrigerant that achieve a good performance of the process. However, ethane molar composition is highly enough for a correct separation and its use as pure component preparing the mixed refrigerant could generate a significant reduction in power consumption. The present work has as objective to determinate the mixed refrigerant composition (with no ethylene) that minimizes the power consumption of liquefaction process. To meet that goal, this work models the liquefaction process using a spreadsheet to estimate the thermodynamics properties and the software MATLAB to solve the optimization of refrigerant composition with the genetic algorithm. Finally, the energy consumption of the process was reduced in 26.9MW, that is equivalent to 15.5% respect to the ba se case, without modifying the initial operational conditions.
Desulfurization is the process of removing sulfur or sulfur compounds from hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, natural gas, or similar fuels. Fuels obtained from the pyrolysis of used lubricating oil, and used tires, have a higher content of sulfur compounds than those distilled from crude oil. These sulfur compounds, after combustion, are converted to SOx, which is a major component of acid rain that causes air pollution and environmental degradation. Therefore, the present research aims to determine a desulfurization scheme for pyrolytic fuels using adsorption and oxidation processes, to use easily accessible reagents and under moderate pressure and temperature conditions. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) were carried out on a pyrolytic fuel obtained by the pyrolysis of used lubricating oil. The initial sulfur content in the samples ranged from 0.12668% to 0.07679% (% w/w). In the ODS process, up to 9.23% of sulfur was removed under the following conditions: temperature 90°C, reaction time 15 min, H2O2 concentration 3%, and 1.7 g of FeCl3. Then, the samples were treated with ADS using silica gel and activated carbon. It was found that activated carbon is the best adsorbent and can remove up to 27.75% of sulfur. The two treatments (ODS and ADS) were combined in a series arrangement of three activated carbon bedswith a height of 15 cm, and it was found that up to 92.56% of sulfur can be removed from the pyrolytic fuel.
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