The electronic apex locators could be useful in determining working length and thereby decreasing the need for radiographs and exposure to ionizing radiation in pediatric dental patients.

OW and KTP might be used safely without compromising the bond strength of restorative materials.

One of the fundamental principles of radiation protection is distance factor. In CT facilities maximum dose occurs near gantry and dose rate is decreases by distance. To know the rate of reduction of the amount of dose that distance is very important for radiation protection procedure especially for apply criterias of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) on radiation protection. This technical study aimed to investigate the backscattered dose amount from 16 Slice CT devices for verification of radiation protection measures in several CT facilities and also to evaluate the shielding properties of walls of operating room and patient waiting room. This technical study has been performed in Goztepe In this study, we measured the dose rates from the gantry until exit door and behind the door. The results showed that, backscattered dose amount has been decreased by distance. We obtained only background radiation in radiographer room and patient waiting room. The results showed also that radiation protection requirements are maximized in investigated hospitals. It can be concluded that, recent method can be applied for various CT facilities for optimum radiation protection studies which also in discussion with ICRP and IAEA for better radiation protection and shielding in radiology clinics.

Within the limitations of this study, the use of a bonding agent without acid-etching showed positive interactions between base materials and composite resin and there were no significant differences in μTBS of these materials to dentin.

A dhesion to dental hard tissues can be achieved by the use of bonding agents that promote a micromechanical interlock with both enamel and dentine. Bonding to dentin depends on the infi ltration of synthetic adhesive monomers into a biological, collagenrich substrate to form a hybrid layer. Nevertheless, dentine adhesives have brought about major changes in restorative procedures. The evolution of adhesive systems that has been designed to achieve the bond of the adhesive to the dental structure has improved the clinical performance of restorations because of better adaptation to cavity walls. [1,2] Consequently, there has been a decrease in microleakage and secondary caries.Most of the adhesive systems include an acid-etching procedure to provide better adhesion to dental substrate since it was intended for use in pretreatment of dental hard tissues. Acid-etching promotes increased bond strength to dental hard tissues, but acid-etching has some disadvantages like; making the dental substrate more prone to acid attacks, swallowing, aspiration, and burning of the tongues, increased dentin permeability increased diffusion coeffi cient, easy penetration of bacteria and this may cause to hypersensitive dentine. [3][4][5][6] The disadvantages of the acid-etching thought researchers that laser etching may be alternative to acid-etching. [5,7] Laser appliances have brought indisputable benefits to modern dentistry. [8,9] They minimize the loss of healthy tissue and promote a great deal of comfort to patients.