The retention of GIC sealants was markedly inferior to the retention of resin-based sealants; however, GIC when used as a pit and fissure sealant was slightly more effective in preventing occlusal caries.

Introduction Among children with haemophilia and their caregivers; problems arising from the teeth and the surrounding tissues have an important role in the treatment of this disease and it affects the quality of life of children and their parents. Aim Aim of this study is to evaluate the oral health‐related quality of life of children with haemophilia from the perspective of their parents. Methods Paediatric oral health‐related quality of life (POQL) instrument was used in this cross‐sectional study for quality of life measurement. The research data collected by the questionnaire form were coded for scale items and personal information questions and transferred to SPSS, a multivariate statistical analysis program for social sciences. SPSS 23.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) package program was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results Primary dentition dmft scores of patients with haemophilia are higher than the control group; mean value of haemophilic group is 3.5 vs control group are 2.6, respectively (P = 0.034). In spite of higher dmft scores, the haemophilia and control groups have shown no significant difference in oral health‐related quality of life scores; median scores were 63.9 in haemophilic group and 85.3 in control group (P = 0.336), respectively. Conclusion In spite of lower oral health measures, children with haemophilia and their parents reported no difference in oral health‐related quality of life from their healthy counterparts.

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It has been reported that white spot lesions (WSLs) can be seen as a result of prolonged plaque accumulation on the affected surface of the teeth. They are more often associated with fixed orthodontic treatment and defined as "the presence of clinically detectable, localized areas of enamel demineralization." These lesions are managed in the first step by establishing a good oral hygiene to enhance remineralization, and prophylaxis with products mostly containing fluoride, calcium, or phosphate. The aim of this chapter is to outline the risk factors and preventive measures of WSLs, and the currently used methods to manage it based on the latest evidence.A review of the literature has shown that WSLs develop as a result of prolonged "undisturbed" plaque accumulation on the affected teeth surface, commonly due to inadequate oral hygiene [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Under these conditions, acids diffuse into the enamel and the demineralization continues in the subsurface enamel, then the intact enamel surface collapses and becomes cavitated [10]. It has been shown that these lesions can appear within 4 weeks [11].The concept of caries process was explained with a model; it was initiated by fluctuations in pH caused by the bacteria that are always metabolically active in the biofilm or dental plaque. These fluctuations may cause erratic loss and gain of mineral ("demineralization" and "remineralization") [12]. As a total result of these continuous demineralization and remineralization processes of enamel that occur episodically based on the presence of cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque and the availability of refined carbohydrates for fermentation to organic acids [13], dissolution of the dental hard tissues develops and a caries lesion forms [14].In the first stage of the enamel defect there is a lower mineral distribution and also a lower interprismatic mineral content in the surface layer [15]. It has been proposed that further dissolution of the outer 10-30 microns of enamel is prevented relatively by several metabolic formations. The protective roles of salivary proline-rich proteins and other salivary inhibitors like statherin have also been emphasized [16]. But they cannot penetrate the deeper parts of the enamel due to their macromolecule structures; so their stabilizing role is limited for the surface enamel [17]. The white-spot lesion's shape is determined by the distribution pattern of the biofilm and the direction of the enamel prisms [18].The presence of fixed orthodontic appliances causes an increasing number of plue retention sites as a result of the presence of brackets, bands, wires, and other applications, which makes the cleaning of teeth more difficult [4,5,7,9,10,[19][20][21][22].When the orthodontic bands are removed and the feasibility of tooth cleaning is provided, it results a reduced porosity of the deeper parts of lesions (Figure 1). The return of fluids to supersaturation condition causes a shift in equilibrium and reprecipitation of minerals at the sites of demineralization. As a result of this...

Purpose:The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the 1 year clinical performances of a self-adhering flowable composite and a commercially available self-etch adhesive/composite system in occlusal restorations of primary second molars.Materials and methods:Thirty-one patients (10 male, 21 female) were recruited into the study. A total of 62 occlusal cavities were restored with either a universal composite or a self-adhering flowable composite according to manufacturers' instructions. The restorations were clinically evaluated 1 month after placement as baseline, and after 3, 6 months and 1 year post-operatively using modified USPHS criteria by two operators.Results:Lack of retention was not observed in any of the restorations. With respect to color match, marginal adaptation, secondary caries and surface texture, no significant differences were found between two restorative materials tested after 1 year. None of the restorations had marginal discoloration and anatomic form loss on the 1 year follow-up. Restorations did not exhibit post-operative sensitivity at any evaluation period.Conclusion:The clinical assessment of self-adhering flowable composite exhibited good clinical results with predominating alpha scores after 1 year. Advantage of the application convenience for children is promising for self-adhered flowable composite materials in pediatric use.