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This literature review showed a high diagnostic accuracy for sentinel node biopsy in detecting positive lymph nodes in prostate cancer, but further studies are needed to explore the effect of sentinel node biopsy on complications and oncologic outcome.

Although urinary incontinence is not a life-threatening disorder, it has been shown to have detrimental effects on quality of life in terms of psychological, social, and sexual problems. In this study, investigators explored the effects of different types of urinary incontinence on female sexual function with a reliable and validated questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). One hundred fifty-three women with complaints of incontinence were enrolled in the study. An age-matched group of 89 women who had no incontinence or lower urinary tract disorders were enrolled as a control group; all completed the FSFI. Incontinence was classified as urge, stress, and mixed type. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), if present, was also recorded. FSFI scores were compared between the incontinent and control groups. A multivariate linear regression analysis model was used to explore the effects of patient characteristics on total FSFI domain score. All domain scores of FSFI except lubrication and pain were statistically significant in the incontinence group (for total domain score, P=.005). For FSFI, in terms of types of incontinence, the difference was significant when the group with mixed urinary incontinence was compared with the control group. In multivariate linear regression analysis, age, presence of POP, and mode of delivery were predictors of female sexual function. Mixed urinary incontinence, when compared with other types, had a significant impact on sexual function. When POP was also present, no negative effects were noted in incontinent women.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in western Turkey. Method: This cross-sectional, population-based survey was carried out between May and October 2012. A random sample of 2128 women and men aged ≥18 years was selected from the health registries. A questionnaire including sociodemographic data, comorbid conditions, lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder and urinary incontinence symptoms, body mass index, vital signs, and dipstick urinalysis was developed. The questions were answered by the participants, and remaining data were provided by the site staff. International Continence Society definitions were used. Results: A total of 1571 (74%) individuals agreed to participate, and analysis were carried out on 1555 people (636 men [40.9%] and 919 women [59.1%]) after 16 individuals with a nitrite-positive dipstick test were excluded. Lower urinary tract symptoms were reported by 71.0% of the study population. The prevalence of storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms were 56.1% (44.2% men, 64.1% women), 39.3% (40.9% men, 37.8% women) and 30.7% (38.6% men, 28.7% women), respectively. The most prevalent storage symptom was urgency, which was reported by 29.3% of the study population (20.1% men, 35.6% women). The prevalence of urge, stress and mixed urinary incontinence were: 6.5% (3.9% men, 8.2% women), 14.1% (3.9% men, 21.2% women) and 5.6% (0.8% men, 9.0% women), respectively. Conclusion: The present study is the first and largest population-based survey evaluating the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in Turkey. Our findings show these symptoms are highly prevalent in western Turkey.

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Consensus on a majority of elementary statements on SN detection in prostate cancer was obtained.; therefore, the results from this consensus report will provide a basis for the design of further studies in the field. A group of experts identified evidence and knowledge gaps on SN detection in prostate cancer and its application in daily practice. Information from the consensus statements can be used to direct further studies.

Abbreviations & Acronyms ePLND = extended pelvic lymph node dissection FN = false negative ICG = indocyanine green LN = lymph node MRI = magnetic resonance imaging NIR = near-infrared NR = not reported PCa = prostate cancer PET = positron emission tomography PLND = pelvic lymph node dissection SN = sentinel node SPECT-CT = single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography TRUS = transrectal ultrasound Abstract: The most important feature of sentinel node biopsy for prostate cancer procedure is that staging can be improved. Sentinel nodes might be found outside the extended pelvic lymph node dissection template what renders the sentinel node additive of extended pelvic lymph node dissection. At the same time, staging within the template can be further refined. We reviewed the literature regarding the sentinel node biopsy procedure for prostate cancer. PubMed and Embase were searched for all Englishlanguage publications from January 1999 to September 2014 by using the keywords as "prostate cancer" and "sentinel lymph node" plus "biopsy" "dissection" and/or "procedure." The present review discusses step-by-step sentinel node biopsy for prostate cancer. Topics of discussion are: (i) preoperative sentinel node mapping (tracers and imaging); (ii) intraoperative sentinel node identification (surgical procedure and outcome); and (iii) novelties to improve sentinel node identification (pre-and intraoperative approaches). Conventional sentinel node mapping is carried out after the injection of a 99m Tc-based tracer and subsequent preoperative imaging; for example, lymphoscintigraphy and singlephoton emission computed tomography/computed tomography. This approach allowed the detection of sentinel nodes outside the extended lymph node dissection template in 3.6-36% of men with intermediate-and high-risk prostate cancer. Hereby, an overall false negative rate of sentinel nodes was reported between 0% and 24.4%. To further refine the intraoperative sampling procedure, novel imaging methods such as fluorescence imaging have been introduced. Prospective randomized comparison studies are required to confirm the added benefit of sentinel template directed nodal dissection. A proper and obtainable end-point of such a study could be the number of removed positive nodes for carrying out nodal dissection with or without sentinel template directed dissection. Similarly, the clinical impact of novel imaging technologies requires further investigation.

Aim: Our aim was to compare the interobserver variability between the 1998 WHO/ISUP and 1973 WHO classifications. Methods: 258 consecutive papillary urothelial carcinomas were reviewed by two pathologists and assigned a tumor grade according to the 1973 WHO and 1998 WHO/ISUP without the knowledge of primary diagnosis and clinical follow-up. All cases were also histologically staged by the two pathologists separately as follows: pTa (noninvasive), pT1 (lamina propria invasion only), pT2 (muscularis propria invasion). Findings of both pathologists and degree of agreement were compared statistically by using Pearson’s χ² test and ĸ statistics respectively. A ĸ value of 0.21–0.40 is accepted as fair, 0.41–0.60 moderate and 0.61–0.80 substantial agreement. Results: Regardless of the pathologist, tumor grades of two classifications correlated to each other and the pathological stage (p < 0.05). Overall degree of agreement between pathologists was higher in the 1998 WHO/ISUP (ĸ 0.59) than the 1973 WHO (ĸ 0.41), but both were still moderate. Papillary urothelial neoplasia with low malignant potential was the group of 1998 WHO/ISUP that showed the lowest degree of agreement and if excluded, interobserver variability of the 1998 WHO/ISUP decreased significantly (ĸ 0.84). Conclusion: The diagnosis of papillary urothelial neoplasia with low malignant potential and the criteria that differentiates it from low-grade carcinomas needs improvement in order to compare the different studies and therapies and to provide more accurate information for management.