Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease. Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso has the most cases. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in urban and rural areas. Methods: This cross-sectional study of domestic dogs used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofl uorescence test. Results: The prevalence was 54.7% among 345 analyzed samples. Short coat, age of 1-6 years, and living less than 100m from vegetation posed the highest infection risks. Conclusions: Certain dog behaviors and characteristics, and their correlation with environmental conditions, were relevant in the high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in Jaciara.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in the Americas. In Brazil, it is transmitted by sandflies of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis and L. cruzi, and dogs are the main domestic reservoirs. The aim of this study was to analyze data relating to VL transmission in Jaciara, state of Mato Grosso, and discuss vector distribution, domestic reservoirs, and human cases that occurred between 2003 and 2012. The data for analysis were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (human), the State Health Department's Environmental Monitoring Agency (canine data) and the State Health Department's Entomology Laboratory (sandfly data). Over this period, Jaciara had 19 autochthonous human cases (12 males and seven females), with one death 2,273. Out of the 7,545 dogs tested by enzyme immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence were positive. The sandflies collected comprised 5,015 individuals belonging to 24 species, with a predominance of L. whitmani followed by L. cruzi. The results showed that the parasite has frequent circulation and that the vector L. cruzi is widely distributed over all months, thus suggesting that transmission may occur at any time of the year.Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), Lutzomyia cruzi, Lutzomyia whitmani, Canine Reservoir. ResumoA leishmaniose visceral (LV), causada nas Américas pelo protozoário Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, transmitida no Brasil por flebotomíneos das espécies Lutzomyia longipalpis e L. cruzi, tem os cães como principais reservatórios domésticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os dados relacionados à transmissão da LV, em Jaciara (MT), e discutir a respeito da distribuição do vetor, reservatório doméstico e os casos humanos ocorridos no período de 2003 a 2012. Os dados para análise foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (humanos), da Vigilância Ambiental da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (caninos) e do Laboratório de Entomologia da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (flebotomíneos). Jaciara apresentou 19 casos autóctones, 12 do sexo masculino e sete do sexo feminino, com um óbito. Dos 7.545 cães testados por imunoensaio enzimático e reação de imunofluorescência indireta, 2.273 foram reagentes. Os flebotomíneos coletados totalizaram 5.015 indivíduos pertencentes a 24 espécies com predomínio de L. whitmani seguido por L. cruzi. Os resultados demonstraram circulação frequente do parasito e a ampla distribuição do vetor L. cruzi com frequência em todos os meses, sugerindo que a transmissão possa ocorrer em qualquer época do ano.Palavras-chave: Leishmaniose Visceral (LV), Lutzomyia cruzi, Lutzomyia whitmani, Reservatório Canino.

The aim of this study was to identify the Leishmania species in Jaciara dogs; visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in