IntroductionsBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the risk increases with age. As in other tumors the development of breast carcinoma is associated with systemic inflammation. The systemic inflammatory response can change with tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. İnflammatory markers such as c reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL 6) are increased in breast cancer patients and a have adverse effect on survey (Balta et al., 2013).Benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD) is most common in women who are in their thirties to fifties. Various sizes of cysts, adenosis, hyperplasia with atypia and/or without atypia and apocrine metaplasia can be seen in BPBD on microscopic examination. Despite the strong association between BPBD and breast cancer development, the exact causes of BPBD are still unknown. Hormonal imbalance especially increased estrogen via to progestin is thought to play a role in development of BPBD. Breast cancer risk related with proliferative breast disease. Several studies showed that inflammation plays an important role in the development of BPBD and early breast carcinogenesis (Catsburg et al., 2014).Complete blood count and its subtype neutrophil count and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are an indicator of systemic inflammation (Guthrie et al., 2013). AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic and prognostic roles of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in breast cancer patients. To date, data are limited on associations of primary breast carcinoma (PBC) and benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD) with preoperative NLR values. Materials and Methods: Our study covered of 120 female patients with PBC and 50 with BPBD. Diagnostic values of NLR were estimated using sensitivity, specificity and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Results: NLR values were significantly higher in the PBC patients than in those with BPBD, with an AUC of 0.668 in the PBC case. The optimal cut-off for NLR was 2.96 and this was validated in the testing set, giving a sensitivity and a specificity of 79.7% and 76.2%, respectively, in PBC patients. Conclusions: Preoperative high NLR is a significant diagnostic predictor of distinction of breast cancer from BPBD and elevated NLR is also an important prognostic marker for primary invasive breast cancer.

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Objective: Providing the consistency between the results from cytologic examination (Pap test) of cervical lesions with those of follow-up biopsies is an important quality control method. We investigated diagnostic difficulties and reasons in cytohistopathologic practice in this study. Material and Method: We included 43 patients cytologically diagnosed as LsiL or HsiL between 200-2007 with negative subsequent biopsy results. Results: We were able to gain access to the cytological material of 37 cases and 9 of these received different diagnoses from the initial diagnoses. re-evaluation of the biopsies provided a diagnosis of siL in 9 of 43 cases. Conclusion: The reason for the inconsistent histopathologic diagnoses was misinterpreting in 6 cases and microscopic sampling error due to the lack of serial cuts in 3 cases. We detected %2 false negatives on biopsies mostly as a result of misinterpretation. The squamocolumnar junction was not present in cases that had previously been diagnosed as negative. in conclusion, serial cuts must be evaluated by an experienced pathologist specialized in gynecopathology in cervical biopsies with positive cytology results and the absence of the squamocolumnar junction must be reported.

We revealed an important role of autophagy in thyroid carcinogenesis, as evidenced by the high rate of BECN1 immunoreactivity in PTC and FC. Moreover, we found that autophagy plays a more important role in PTC, as evidenced by the high immunoreactivity rates. According to our results, BECN1 is a more specific marker than HBME-1 in PTC and has a higher correlation with Ki-67. In routine studies, BECN1 will be more helpful than HBME-1 in the diagnosis of PTC.

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Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest diseases in the world and current screening methods are still limited. In past decade, it has been discovered that miRNAs play an important role in every cell process including CRC initiation and progression. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in normal colon (CRN) and Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by using microarray system. This includes discovery of new miRNAs related to CRC. Total RNA was extracted from total 12 tissue samples of 7 patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgical resection of the colon for studying tumor specific changes in miRNA expression compared to 5 matched as normal tissue samples using the Qiagen miRN easy Kit. MiRNA was polyadenylated by using PolyA Tailing master mix. After Flash Tag Biotin HSR Ligation samples were hybridized, stained and washed. The arrays were finally scanned using AGCC Scan control programmer according to the manufacturer's protocol of Affymetrix Gene Chip software. It was found that some of miRNAs were found up or down regulated in studied CRC tissues compared to non-tumor tissues. MiR-1201, miR-181a, miR-7, miR-188, miR-552, miR-183, miR-941, U71d, ACA3-2 and miR-34c were over expressed and miR-486, HBII-85-6, miR-550-1, miR-635, miR-10b, miR-550-2, ENSG00000238430 and miR-548a were down regulated in patients with CRC. We have also found that some dysregulated miRNAs, which to our knowledge have not previously been associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Consequently, the results of this study will increase our understanding of development, progression and earlier detection and personnel treatment of colon cancer. This work was supported by grants from the Turkish Ministry of Development (2009K120780 and 2012K120690).