The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the monoclonal antibodies that modulate the interaction between immune checkpoint molecules or their ligands on the immune cells or tumor tissue has revolutionized cancer treatment. While there are various studies proving their efficacy in hematological malignancies, there is also a body of accumulating evidence indicating that immune checkpoint inhibitors’ clinical benefits are limited in such diseases. In addition, due to their regulatory nature that balances the immune responses, blockade of immune checkpoints may lead to toxic side effects and autoimmune responses, and even primary or acquired resistance mechanisms may restrict their success. Thus, the need for laboratory biomarkers to identify and monitor patient populations who are more likely respond to this type of therapy and the management of side effects seem critical. However, guidelines regarding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hematological cancers and during follow-up are limited while there is no consensus on the laboratory parameters to be investigated for safety and efficacy of the treatment. This review aims to provide an insight into recent information on predictive and prognostic value of biomarkers and laboratory tests for the clinical follow up of hematological malignancies, with an emphasis on leukemia.

akut gastroenterit öntanısı ile gönderilen rotavirüs ve adenovirüs antijen testi ile incelenen dışkı örneklerinin sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Rotavirüs ve adenovirüs antijen testi olarak kalitatif immunokromotografik yöntem ile çalışan VIKIA® Rota-Adeno (BioMerieux, Fransa) kiti kullanıldı. Rotavirüs ve Adenovirüs sıklığının yıllara, aylara, hastaların yaşlarına göre dağılımı SPSS 13.0 programı kullanılarak incelendi. Nominal ve interval değişkenler arası ilişkiler ki-kare testiyle analiz edildi. Anlamlılık sınırı olarak 0.05 kabul edildi. Bulgular:Rotavirüs/Adenovirüs antijen araştırılması istenilen 64 dışkı örneğinin 20 (%31.2) tanesinde Rotavirüs, ikisinde (%3.1) Adenovirüs antijeni pozitif olarak bulundu. Rotavirüs antijen pozitif saptanan dışkıların 12'si (%60) kış mevsiminde, 7'si (%35) sonbaharda ve 15'i (%75) 0-2 yaş bebeklik dönemindeki hastalardan gönderildiği saptandı. Adenovirüs antijen pozitifliği 2 (%3,1) hastada tespit edildiği için mevsim ve yaş ile ilişkisi belirlenemedi. Sonuç: Bütün dünyada olduğu gibi bizim hastanemizde de rotavirüs ishalleri bebeklik döneminde sık görüldüğünden özellikle kış mevsiminde akut gastroenteritli çocuklarda Rotavirüs araştırılmalıdır. Böylece gereksiz antibiyotik kullanımı da önlenmiş olacaktır.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises from the cells of myeloid lineage and is the most frequent leukemia type in adulthood accounting for about 80% of all cases. The most common treatment strategy for the treatment of AML includes chemotherapy, in rare cases radiotherapy and stem cell and bone marrow transplantation are considered. Immune checkpoint proteins involve in the negative regulation of immune cells, leading to an escape from immune surveillance, in turn, causing failure of tumor cell elimination. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target the negative regulation of the immune cells and support the immune system in terms of anti-tumor immunity. Bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) bears various blood cell lineages and the interactions between these lineages and the noncellular components of BMM are considered important for AML development and progression. Administration of ICIs for the AML treatment may be a promising option by regulating BMM. In this review, we summarize the current treatment options in AML treatment and discuss the possible application of ICIs in AML treatment from the perspective of the regulation of BMM.