We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TA) in reducing blood loss during elective cesarean section (CS). We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 660 women who underwent elective CS. The patients were randomly selected to receive an intravenous infusion of either TA (1 g/10 mL in 20 mL of 5% glucose; N = 330) or 30 mL 5% glucose prior to surgery. The primary outcome was the estimated blood loss following CS. No demographic difference was observed between groups. The mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower in women treated with TA compared with women in the placebo group (499.9 ± 206.4 mL versus 600.7 ± 215.7 mL, respectively; P < 0.001), and the proportion of women in the TA group who had an estimated blood loss >1000 mL was significantly lower than in the placebo group (7 [2.1%] versus 19 [5.8%], respectively; relative risk [RR] 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 6.3; P < 0.03). Furthermore, more women in the placebo group than in the TA group required additional uterotonic agents (48 [14.5%] versus 28 [8.5%], respectively; RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6; P = 0.02). Maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ significantly. TA significantly reduced bleeding during CS, the percentage of patients with blood loss >1000 mL, and the need for additional uterotonic agents. Furthermore, the incidence of thromboembolic events did not increase. Our results suggest that TA can be used safely and effectively to reduce CS bleeding.

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In this observational study, we investigated the maternal and perinatal complications of caesarean delivery performed in the second stage compared with the first stage of labour at a tertiary hospital in İstanbul. This study was performed from June 2008 to July 2011. Primary maternal outcomes measured included intraoperative surgical complications, surgery duration, need for blood transfusion, endometritis, requirement for hysterectomy, unintended extension and length of hospital stay. Neonatal outcomes included a 5 min Apgar score ≤ 3, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, fetal injury, septicaemia and neonatal death. In total, 3,817 caesarean deliveries were available for analysis; 3,519 were performed in the first stage, and 298 in the second stage. Caesarean deliveries performed in the second stage were associated with increased intraoperative complications, unintended extensions, need for blood transfusion, higher rates of endometritis and requirement for hysterectomy and were, therefore, associated with longer operation time and hospital stay. Neonatal complications included a significantly low Apgar score at 5 min, increased neonatal death, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, septicaemia and fetal injury (all p < 0.05). Caesarean deliveries performed in the second stage of labour were associated with higher rates of maternal and neonatal complications, particularly in women who had undergone previous caesarean delivery.

This study determined the rate, risk factors, management and outcome of bladder injury during caesarean section and suggests ways to improve the quality of care and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. During the study period, there were 76 bladder injuries in 56,799 caesarean deliveries for an overall incidence of 0.13%. Women with a bladder injury were more likely to have had a prior caesarean delivery, as compared with the control group (72.4% vs 34.2%; p < 0.001). Cases were also more likely than controls to have had prior pelvic surgery. The presence of adhesions during the procedure was greater in the bladder injury group than the controls. In conclusion, our study suggests that a previous caesarean delivery is the most common risk factor for bladder injury during caesarean delivery. Moreover, the presence of labour, station of the presenting fetal part deeper than or equal to +1, and a large baby were independent risks for a bladder injury during caesarean delivery. Women requesting primary caesarean deliveries should be counselled about the potential for significant surgical complications in repeat caesarean deliveries when discussing the indications for a primary elective caesarean delivery.

The combined use of the sonographic TOA diameter and laboratory parameters (ESR and CRP level) can aid clinical treatment decisions and improve the prediction of the outcome of medical TOA treatment.

An additional oxytocin infusion after 5 IU oxytocin bolus infusion at elective C/S may reduce blood loss and required blood transfusion.

Partial and complete HELLP syndrome are not distinct groups based on neonatal, long-term and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. They probably represent a continuum in the natural evolution of the same disease.

Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, primarily in developing countries with inadequate health services. A significant portion of tuberculosis in these settings is extrapulmonary, including tuberculosis of the genitourinary tract. Patients with genital tuberculosis are usually young women detected during work up for infertility. After menopause, tuberculosis of the endometrium is a rare possibility probably because of the decreased vascularity of the tissues. We present a case of endometrial tuberculosis with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.