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An extensive rescue excavation has been conducted in the ancient harbor of İstanbul (Yenikapı) by the Sea of Marmara, revealing a depositional sequence displaying clear evidence of transgression and coastal progradation during the Holocene. The basal layer of this sequence lies at 6 m below the present sea level and contains remains of a Neolithic settlement known to have been present in the area, indicating that the sea level at ~ 8–9 cal ka BP was lower than 6 m below present. Sea level advanced to its maximum at ~ 6.8–7 cal ka BP, drowning Lykos Stream and forming an inlet at its mouth. After ~ 3 cal ka BP, coastal progradation became evident. Subsequent construction of the Byzantine Harbor (Theodosius; 4th century AD) created a restricted small basin and accumulation of fine-grained sediments. The sedimentation rate was increased due to coastal progradation and anthropogenic factors during the deposition of coarse-grained sediments at the upper parts of the sequence (7th–9th centuries AD). The harbor was probably abandoned after the 11th century AD by filling up with Lykos Stream detritus and continued seaward migration of the coastline.

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As a result of climate change, it is clear in the coming years to provide an instability for conflict zones. Climate change has potential socioeconomic consequences in addition to environmental impacts. Drought is one of the result of climate change especially in Mediterranean. It can also increase by unsustainable government policies and effects quality of life of people. Decreasing of water resources and rural land using force people to migrate from rural areas to urban areas as a consequence of low productivity from agriculture and animal husbandry, rising of food prices and decreasing of wealth level. Results of climate change have differences depends on features of countries as climate vulnerability, social policies, ethnicity. In this study we evaluate socioeconomic impacts of 2006-2010 severe drought in Syria There are a number of studies in which the Syrian war is overstated by the excess of the relationship as much as the work that expresses the emergence of climate changes as a result. We observed that in addition current problems in Syria, drought between 2007 and 2010 contributed to uprising in 2011 and consequently to immigration, conflict and terrorism. It is not wrong to evaluate that the impact of the spread of conflicts inherited from generations before the arid years of succession is at least as effective as the causes of other conflicts. The long-term effects of climate change, which has begun to emerge, indicate potential conflicts that can develop in water-scarce, multicultural geographies, particularly in the Middle East.

With the latest development and increasing availability of high spatial resolution sensors, earth observation technology offers a viable solution for crop identification and management. There is a strong need to produce accurate, reliable and up to date crop type maps for sustainable agriculture monitoring and management. In this study, RapidEye, the first high-resolution multi-spectral satellite system that operationally provides a Red-edge channel, was used to test the potential of the data for crop type mapping. This study was investigated at a selected region mostly covered with agricultural fields locates in the low lands of Menemen (İzmir) Plain, TURKEY. The potential of the three classification algorithms such as Maximum Likelihood Classification, Support Vector Machine and Object Based Image Analysis is tested. Accuracy assessment of land cover maps has been performed through error matrix and kappa indexes. The results highlighted that all selected classifiers as highly useful (over 90%) in mapping of crop types in the study region however the object-based approach slightly outperforming the Support Vector Machine classification by both overall accuracy and Kappa statistics. The success of selected methods also underlines the potential of RapidEye data for mapping crop types in Aegean region.

Despite the lowest CO 2 emission in terms of payload per unit mile, commercial marine fleet transport is responsible for approximately 1 billion tonnes of CO 2 emissions per year and 2.7% of the total global CO 2 emission. To keep the world's surface temperature below critical +2 °C, International Maritime Organization works with alternative methods on a ton / mile basis to reduce existing CO 2 emissions. In this study, these methods are analyzed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The future of CO 2 emissions was also investigated.