La vulnerabilidad se traduce en grupos humanos concretos que, si bien conocen lo que ocurre alrededor de ellos en materia digital, por su propia condición social y cultural están marginados y, en ese sentido, alejados del ejercicio del derecho a la información. El objetivo ha sido analizar la alfabetización crítica, mediática y digital para el empoderamiento de grupos vulnerables. La revisión sistemática de la literatura (meta-síntesis) abarca el período comprendido entre los años 1996-2016 y arrojó 202 documentos, de los cuales 117 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (105 investigaciones documentales y 12 estudios cualitativos). Los resultados indican que niños, adolescentes y adultos se han beneficiado y empoderado de esta alfabetización, incluso con niveles bajos de educación, con situación de desventaja económica, con altos niveles de exclusión social o cultural. Son los espacios informales los que prevalecen para esta formación mediática y digital y la reflexión sobre la necesaria alfabetización. Se analiza también en este estudio la influencia del empoderamiento en la esfera social y personal, y las implicaciones educativas y comunicacionales para quienes tienen la responsabilidad de empoderar. Se concluye que los grupos son vulnerables si solamente se mantienen con bajos niveles de formación y que alfabetizarlos otorga el empoderamiento requerido para la vida ciudadanaThe vulnerability translates in concrete human groups that, although they know what occurs around them in a digital matter, by his own social and cultural condition they are alienated and, in this sense, away of the exercise of the information right. The aim has been to analyze the critical, media and digital literacy for the empowerment of vulnerable groups. The systematic review of the literature (meta-synthesis) covers the period between the years 1996-2016 and launched 202 documents, of which 117 fulfilled the inclusion criteria (105 documentary investigations and 12 qualitative studies). The results indicate that boys, teenagers and adults have been benefited and empowered by this literacy, many of them with low educational levels, in an economical disadvantage situation or have been alienated or excluded socially and culturally. The informal spaces for the media and digital training prevail as well as the reconceptualization reflection of the literacy, the reason why the vulnerable groups move away of his profits, like the influence of the empowerment in the social and personal sphere and the educational and communicational implications for those who have the responsibility of empower. It concludes that the groups are vulnerable if only they stay ignorant and that teach them to read and write empower them for the citizen lif

Artistic images, of a universal nature and validated by global culture, are carriers of an emotional potential that can be used for therapeutic purposes in cultural centers as well as in clinical spaces. Esthetic studies reveal the mobilizing power in their contemplation and the capacity to bring out personal stories with healing potential. The general objective of this paper is to design and validate the PROJECTA instrument, consisting of the therapeutic use of artistic images to approach trauma or difficult conditions in therapy, by means of the association between art images and emotions, feelings or states of mind related with a traumatic experience. A mixed approach of investigation with a concurrent triangulation design has been used for the integration of qualitative and quantitative results, where qualitative research outweighs quantitative, but both have been QUAL → quan sequentially developed. The study was carried out in two phases. The first was a systematic review of the literature. The second, divided into five steps, consisted of the validation of artworks and the associated emotions with the participation of students, experts in art therapy, psychologists and educators through focus groups, interviews and an online questionnaire. The analysis techniques were qualitative and quantitative. A set of 220 artistic images linked to emotional states were proposed by experts in education, psychology and art therapy, and validated through an online questionnaire. The respondents included 228 students and professionals and for 64.55% of these images a consensus of over 80% was obtained. These images and their associated emotions were again reviewed by a confirmatory focus group. Finally, 92 artistic works were linked to primary, secondary and tertiary emotions such as love, joy, victory, surprise, balance, sense of humor, anger, sadness, fear, and emptiness. In addition, there are mobilizing images that have not been related to any emotion because of the polysemy of their meanings. It concludes that PROJECTA is a visual art therapy tool that provides professionals with a resource that helps facilitate the identification, expression or demonstration of emotions or feelings related with trauma, and in challenging situations of vulnerability, psychological discomfort or post-traumatic stress.

This chapter presents the results of a review of research about peer tutoring and peer mentoring in higher education oriented by two fundamental aims. The first of them, deepen and clarify from the conceptual point of view the peer tutoring and the peer mentoring in the university context and, in second place, to explore and evidence the benefits and the impact that these support modalities has in the light of the results of international investigations. The results show that the benefits of peer collaboration focus on two horizons: academic achievement and human-social development. An integrated approach is needed, for its greater impact for the university student. Finally, some conclusions and some guidelines for future research are proposed.