Cet article a pour but d’analyser les origines sociales de l’élite administrative du second empire colonial français. L’analyse prosopographique, à partir d’une nouvelle base de données comprenant les 599 individus ayant occupé la fonction de gouverneur entre 1830 et 1960, montre que l’évolution de leurs origines sociales s’explique par les changements dans le rapport à la métropole, l’attrait des colonies et l’institutionnalisation des administrations coloniales. Une comparaison avec une élite administrative métropolitaine proche, le corps préfectoral, met en évidence les spécificités de cette élite coloniale. Entre 1830 et 1960, la carrière coloniale offre aux individus qui s’y engagent des possibilités d’ascension sociale plus importantes que les carrières administratives en métropole. Ainsi, la mise en place de l’administration coloniale au tournant du xx e siècle – une période où les conditions sanitaires et sécuritaires rendent les colonies peu attractives – représente une opportunité pour les individus issus des milieux les plus modestes ou aux carrières les plus atypiques. Le renforcement de la professionnalisation des carrières coloniales après la Première Guerre mondiale conduit à une homogénéisation plus forte des parcours et des origines des gouverneurs. Cependant, les possibilités de mobilité sociale ascendante restent fortes et ne diminuent qu’avec les bouleversements apportés par la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
The potential link between climate variability, conflict, and migration is increasingly viewed as a security issue by policy makers. Climate variability and extremes raise critical challenges to agriculture and food production all over the world, and lead to diminished coping capacity, loss of livelihoods, as well as migration flows. The essays in this dissertation raise the question of resilience to shocks in preindustrial economies using the cases of France and Savoy during the Ancien Régime. More specifically, it documents the role of institutions and migration in reducing the vulnerability to climate shocks and hence violence. It further studies both the effect of seasonal migration as a resilience strategy against adverse economic conditions, and the socio-economic consequences of large and unexpected episode of migration.
This article builds on the concept of linked ecologies to present a study of the occupational careers of French colonial governors between 1830 and 1960. We consider empires as the by-product of social entities structuring themselves. Specifically, we analyse the process of empowerment of this emerging group with respect to other professional groups within the imperial space and the French metropolitan space. Using data on the career of 637 colonial governors between 1830 and 1960, we examine how variations in the recruitment of these high civil servants actually reflect the empowerment of this social entity. We rely on optimal matching technique to distinguish typical sequence models and identify ten common career trajectories that can be grouped in four main clusters. We further compare the share of each clusters in the population of governors over time and show that the rise of the colonial cluster during the Interwar period corresponded to the peak of the administrative autonomy in the colonial space. We argue that this process is consistent with the empowerment of the governors' corps, which is embodied by a common career within the colonial administration and a collective identity as a group.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.