The duplex steelmaking process has been proven to be an effective solution for the utilisation of high phosphorus iron ore, yet systematic analyses of the dephosphorisation rate and mechanism of duplex process for high phosphorus hot metal are seldom reported. Comprehensive exploration and discussion on the kinetics of duplex steelmaking process for high phosphorus hot metal are thus required. First, based on the kinetic model proposed by Robertson et al., a modified coupled reaction kinetic model was formulated and employed to analyse the dephosphorisation process of duplex melting for high phosphorus hot metal. Furthermore, a series of experiments were carried out to validate the accuracy of the established model, and the calculated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to perform a further discussion of the mechanism of duplex steelmaking process for high phosphorus hot metal.
List of symbolsa activity A interfacial area C total molar concentration in slag e interaction coefficient E modified equilibrium constant f activity coefficient of hot metal component F modified mass transfer coefficient -G molar Gibbs free energy G CO rate constant for CO evolution I9 conversion factor of activity J molar flow k mass transfer coefficient K equilibrium constant M molar mass n moles of cation p pressure R gas constant t p total experiment time T temperature V m volume of steel W mass of slag component X molar fraction of slag component Z cationic fraction Subscripts m metal s slag M component M in hot metal MO x oxide component MO x in slag MS sulphide component in slag Superscripts * interface b bulk a interaction energy c activity coefficient of slag component D -H molar enthalpy change Dt time interval r density [ ] component in hot metal ( ) component in slag
In the Qiangtang Basin, northern Tibet, the most complete and extensive marine sedimentary strata outcropped in the Shuanghu-Sewa-Amdo area during the Jurassic, especially the Early Jurassic. The organic-rich marine sediments-commonly referred to as black shales-were deposited in the Early Jurassic, therefore, many petroleum geologists have been focusing on them for many years. Although achievements in geological investigations and petroleum resource assessments during recent years have been remarkable, the environmental conditions, mechanics, and process that resulted in the deposition of high-organic sediments during the Early Toarcian (183-176.5 Ma, Early Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event are still a matter of discussions. In this paper, we deal with the biomarker distributions of Lower Jurassic oil shales in the Biluo Co section, Shuanghu area of northern Tibet. The oil shales are characterized by a marked predominance of short chain nalkanes with a maxiumun at C 16 or C 17 , nC 17 /nC 31 ratio values between 9.4 and 17.8, and low Pr/Ph ratios. Furthermore, a series of C 27 and C 29-C 35 hopanes with minor amounts of gammacerane are present in all samples, as indicated by gammacerane/C 30-17α-hopane values from 0.06 to 0.12 and the steranes C 27 /C 29 ratios higher than 1 in the three samples. The abovementioned parameters indicate that the organic matter source is attributed to an algal/bacterial contribution. According to maturity parameters, all the homohopane 22S/(22S+22R) values in this study are > 0.58 and the sterane 20S/(20S+20R) values are all between 0.48 and 0.59, which is consistent
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