The thrust top intermontane basins that are located to the east of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis (HKS) in NW Himalaya are ∼NW-SE oriented and run parallel to the strike of the major Himalayan thrusts, which is in contrast to the similar basins that lie at the west of HKS (e.g., Peshawar basin). Although these basins are similar in age yet their structural orientation differs, which has not been previously investigated in much details. Therefore, here we investigate the structural details using the 30m shuttle radar topography, seismicity, earthquake centroid moment tensors solutions, previously published works, and geological fieldwork at Anantnag, Kashmir, where bedrock geology and Plio-Pleistocene to Holocene sediments are mapped. The three tectonic model for the formation of Kashmir basin are investigated and new data are produced to refine the existing knowledge on the formation of Kashmir and Peshawar basins. Our results establish that Kashmir basin is definitely neither a pull-apart basin nor a rift basin, and we reinforce that the basin can be formed in a piggyback structural style. We demonstrate that intermontane basins on either side of the HKS have rotated during their evolutionary journey. The estimated >45°clockwise rotation of Kashmir basin is in contract to the <45°anticlockwise rotation of the Peshawar basin, and this rotation coincides with the emergence of the >120 km long left-lateral strike-slip fault, the Jhelum fault (JF), which has dominantly left-lateral strike-slip movement at north, and oblique in south. We show that the JF largely controls the formation rotation and the present configuration of regions on either side of the HKS. The published paleomagnetic data supports our results and show that basin formation, lateral extent, geometry, and rotation are controlled by faulting where the emergence of the main boundary thrust fault system seems to have largely controlled the formation and lateral extent of the Kashmir basin, while as the JF has contributed toward the translation, rotation and present structural configuration of the intermontane basins in the region.
Research areas were located in the west of Kolok Nan Tuo Village. Geographically this area is located at coordinates 00 ° 36'57,85 '' - 00 ° 37'56,89 '' latitude and 100 ° 42'10,08 '' 100 ° 43'47,28 " BT. The methods used in research is geological mapping. Based on the results of stratigraphic research area is divided into three units consist of: Crystalline Limestone Unit (SBGK) consisting Crystalline Limestone of and mudstone lithofacies, Conglomerate Units (SK) consists of polymic conglomerate and sandstones greywacke lithofacies while claystone Unit (SBL) lithofacies consists of claystone with sedimentary structures is flake. Result of research can interpreted Depositional environment based on type of lithofacies include of grain size, sedimentary structures and content of fossils. SBGK interpretated depositional environment is a basement of basin, SK depositional environment debris unit limestones can be seen from fragments of conglomerates that many there are crystalline limestones and mudstone that make up the alluvial fan (deposition surface) and lithologies clay from sedimentary structures where rock mudstone generally in doposition the current flow that quiet can form sedimentary structures flake and properties of claystone which carbonated an identifier depositional environments sea so can be determined that the environment in the form of neritic environment.
Since 2007 PNPM Urban realize that poverty is a structural problem and multi-dimensional. In PNPM Urban perspective , the complexity of the various dimensions of poverty -related social , political , economic , and asset . this research aim is to know the Effectiveness of the National Program for Community Empowerment for Infrastructure Development Accelerated. In this research , the authors use an explanatory survey research methods . Selected number of samples in the analysis of the effectiveness of PNPM Urban infrastructure improvements are stakeholders involved in PNPM Urban population in the research area of all stakeholders involved in PNPM Urban in District Marpoyan Damai , the authors take purposively respondents who meet the criteria and are associated with research.The results showed that increasing road infrastructure with the PNPM Mandiri. The average improvement of road infrastructure after the PNPM Urban amounted to 35.8 %. The average increase in the quality of infrastructure before the PNPM Urban program is only at 4.4 % per year . This indication shows that roads infrastructure and the quality of the road surface to be increased significantly in the presence of the PNPM Urban Marpoyan Damai in the District . From interviews with relevant stakeholders PNPM Urban, respondents said PNPM Urban was very effective against the improvement of infrastructure in District Marpoyan Damai . Respondents argue that any proposed activity in infrastructure always realized by PNPM Urban .Geological condition of study consists of alluvium Sand, Gravel, Clay, Peat Swamp, Plant Remain in Quaternary age. There are two anticline in this area that is part Western and Southern and fault inferred direction Northwest-Southeast in the middle area of research so that the topography of the area of research a bit wavy and faulted that need observation on landuse planning such as drainage, airport, residential and availability of clean water..
The aim of current research work is to identify the slope safety factor that experienced landslides in the research area. The methods used are Direct Shear Stress and safety factor analysis was used Software Slide 6.0. The results of the analysis concluded that the value of cohesion and angle of the friction are obtained from Direct Shear Stress on the station research areas ranging from 0.261 to 0.321 kg/cm²1 with friction angle from 11 to 20˚. Safety Factor on the research areas classified into unstable classification with the lowest value 0.192 and the highest value 0.48.
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