prior work indicates that listeners may be more likely to call a note in-tune when it is sung than when it is in another timbre. The current study seeks to confirm whether this vocal generosity effect generalizes to melodies. Musicians and nonmusicians listened to pairs of single tones and scale-based melodies performed with the voice or the violin. The final note was varied in how well it was tuned to the prior context, and for each example, listeners judged whether the final note was intune or not. A strong vocal generosity effect was found for musicians and nonmusicians in both melodic and single tone conditions -a higher degree of mistuning was necessary for listeners to decide that sung tones were out-of-tune compared with violin notes. These results confirm the role of timbre in tuning judgments, and help explain why singers are typically less welltuned than instrumentalists in performance.
This study investigated pitch perception and production in speech and music in individuals with congenital amusia (a disorder of musical pitch processing) who are native speakers of Cantonese, a tone language with a highly complex tonal system. Sixteen Cantonese-speaking congenital amusics and 16 controls performed a set of lexical tone perception, production, singing, and psychophysical pitch threshold tasks. Their tone production accuracy and singing proficiency were subsequently judged by independent listeners, and subjected to acoustic analyses. Relative to controls, amusics showed impaired discrimination of lexical tones in both speech and non-speech conditions. They also received lower ratings for singing proficiency, producing larger pitch interval deviations and making more pitch interval errors compared to controls. Demonstrating higher pitch direction identification thresholds than controls for both speech syllables and piano tones, amusics nevertheless produced native lexical tones with comparable pitch trajectories and intelligibility as controls. Significant correlations were found between pitch threshold and lexical tone perception, music perception and production, but not between lexical tone perception and production for amusics. These findings provide further evidence that congenital amusia is a domain-general language-independent pitch-processing deficit that is associated with severely impaired music perception and production, mildly impaired speech perception, and largely intact speech production.
The landscape of psychotherapy continues to change with the accreditation of other mental health professionals-like social workers and clinical counsellors-as psychotherapy practitioners. Data about potential similarities and differences between psychologists and psychotherapists may provide the field with a more thorough understanding of diverse aspects of psychotherapeutic practices, practitioner characteristics, and clinical training backgrounds. We employed an online survey to obtain information on the psychotherapy practices of psychologists and psychotherapists working in the private sector in Quebec as nearly half of Canadian licensed psychologists practice in Quebec. All 664 participants were licensed by the Ordre des Psychologues du Québec (OPQ). There were significant differences between psychologists and psychotherapists. Although they both provide psychotherapy services they present with differences in: education levels, presenting problems of their clients, referrals sources, theoretical orientation, assessment and diagnostic procedures, duration of their interventions, collaboration with other health professionals, as well as fees charged for their services. These differences may relate to variances in training and/or professional development requirements for each group. Overall, the results suggest that psychologists and psychotherapists in the private sector take different approaches to the practice of psychotherapy in Quebec.
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