8A geoelectrical investigation of a slow moving earth slide-earth flow in Lower Jurassic Lias Group 9 rocks of the Cleveland basin, UK, is described. These mudrock slopes are particularly prone to failure 10 and are a major source of lowland landslides in the UK, but few attempts have been made to 11 spatially or volumetrically characterise the subsurface form of these slides. The primary aim of this 12 study was to consider the efficacy of fully three-dimensional geoelectrical imaging for landslide 13 investigation with reference to a geological setting typical of Lias Group escarpments. The approach 14 described here included a reconnaissance survey phase using two-dimensional electrical resistivity 15 tomography (ERT), resistivity mapping, self-potential (SP) profiling and mapping, followed by a 16 detailed investigation of an area of the landslide using three-dimensional (3D) ERT and self-potential 17 tomography (SPT). Interpretation of the geophysical data sets was supported by surface 18 observations (aerial LiDAR and differential GPS geomorphological surveys) and intrusive 19 investigations (boreholes and auger holes). The initial phase of the study revealed the existence of a 20 strong SP signature at the site consistent with a streaming potential source and established the 21 relationships between the main geological units, the geomorphologic expression of the landslide, 22 and the resistivity of the materials in and around the study area. The 3D SPT model generated during 23 the second phase of the study indicated drainage patterns across the landslide and preferential flow 24 from the low permeability mud rocks into the underlying more permeable sandstone formation. 25 Manuscript Click here to view linked References
Landslide inventories are essential because they provide the basis for predictive landslide hazard and susceptibility assessments and because they allow for the manipulation and storage of temporal and spatial data. The National Landslide Database has been developed by the British Geological Survey (BGS). It is the most extensive source of information on landslides in Great Britain with over 15 000 records of landslide events each documented as fully as possible. This information is invaluable for planners and developers as it helps them investigate, avoid or mitigate areas of unstable ground in accordance with Government planning policy guidelines. Therefore, it is vital that the continual verification, collection and updating of landslide information is carried out as part of the Survey's 'National Capability' work. This paper describes the evolution from a static database to one that is continually updated forming part of a suite of national digital hazard products. The history of the National Landslide Database and associated Geographical Information System (GIS) is discussed, together with its application and future development.
As a country with limited direct experience of natural disasters, the UK has not developed a sophisticated legal and regulatory framework for the mitigation for many of the geological hazards, including landslides, which affect the population. Although the 1966 Aberfan disaster led to a limited amount of research into landslide distribution and mechanisms, it left no long-term legacy of managing landslide risks. A number of high-profile events in the late 20 th Century, and a series of 'near-misses' since then have failed to stimulate a significant social or economic awareness. Perhaps understandably, this has limited political motivation to develop landslide management policies. This paper examines this situation and discusses some implications of how landslides are dealt with by the UK government and devolved governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.Policy is based mainly upon national assessments of geohazards (including landslides) carried out in the 1980s and 1990s. These assessments provided the basis for planning policies and guidance that to some degree control development on or around unstable ground. Although this was an encouraging start, limited resources and political support over the longer term ultimately meant these initiatives failed to develop into an effective, integrated, national response to landslide hazards. Policies and regulations are open to interpretations which vary between devolved governments, building regulations and local planning offices.Crucially, the resulting system offers no framework for the legal or financial responsibilities for hazard management. As a result, landslide management in the UK has been influenced more by planning and political structure than actual risks to the population. This situation partially arises from the limited data available on the overall cost of landslides on a national basis. Until this situation is rectified it will be difficult to establish a mitigation strategy based on risk.This paper discusses how landslides are managed in the UK and provides examples from around the country of how the system responded to some serious landslides occurring over the last twenty years. Examples are presented that show how this framework has affected the investigation and mitigation of different types of landslides. The paper also briefly discusses the role of insurance in landslide hazard management and highlights the effective response of Transport Scotland in the aftermath of the debris flows in 2004.
The paper describes recent applications by the British Geological Survey (BGS) of the technique of mobile terrestrial LiDAR surveying to monitor various geomorphological changes on English coasts and estuaries. These include cliff recession, landslides and flood defences, and are usually sited at remote locations undergoing dynamic processes with no fixed reference points. Advantages, disadvantages and some practical problems are discussed. The role of GPS in laser scanning is described.
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