RESUMENEn este trabajo se evalúa el impacto del programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas para secundaria, Avancemos, en Costa Rica. Específicamente, se mide el impacto sobre la deserción estudiantil para el primer año en el que se implementó el programa, mediante un panel creado con datos de las Encuestas de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples para los años 2006 y 2007, elaboradas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Por medio de herramientas econométricas y metodologías de impacto cuasiexperimentales (Propensity Score Matching y Diferencia en Diferencias), se encuentra un impacto positivo asociado al programa, tanto sobre la deserción como sobre la reinserción. Específicamente, entre un 10% y 16% de los estudiantes que no desertaron del sistema educativo, lo hicieron única y exclusivamente debido a Avancemos, de otra forma hubiesen abandonado sus estudios. Por lo tanto, este es un programa con impactos positivos sobre sus objetivos planteados: evitar la deserción y procurar la reinserción.
Informal work is often considered a place of employment for marginalized and vulnerable workers who have been rationed out of preferred formal work. However, informality can also be seen as a dynamic sector that budding entrepreneurs and those looking for flexible working conditions enter voluntarily. We use the methodology developed in Günther and Launov (2012) to test for the voluntary and involuntary nature of informal work in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, without making ad hoc assumptions about labour market segmentation and self-selection. We find evidence of heterogeneous informality in both Nicaragua and Costa Rica, with one informal sub-segment where most workers are voluntarily informal and another informal sub-segment where most workers are involuntarily informal. In Nicaragua, our results suggest that 44 per cent of wage employees are involuntarily informal, while 30 per cent of self-employed workers are involuntarily informal. In Costa Rica, our results suggest that 10 per cent of wage employees are involuntarily informal, and that 66 per cent of the self-employed are involuntarily informal.
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