The purpose of this literature review is to advance contemporary cognisance of the leadership field and its current state, through the synthesis and development of earlier contributions. A taxonomy of evolutionary eras is tendered, from which future research opportunities can be extrapolated. Design/methodology/approach: This paper conducts a narrative literature review of significant leadership literature. There is a focus on prominent contributions which are considered to have been highly influential within the field, whilst acknowledging other notable influences. Findings: Leadership is found to be a multifaceted and evolving field, which continues to produce further research fields. This dynamism hinders the progression of leadership to achieve integration. Eleven interrelated eras of leadership, which hold varying research value, were found. Whilst some eras superficially appear to be discredited, there is arguably scope for these to be developed in contemporary context. Currently the leadership approaches which are replete with research opportunities include servant leadership, a skills approach, and entrepreneurial leadership. Research limitations/implications: Leadership is a vast research area with numerous contributions to its body of work, therefore, this review has focused on prominent contributions, and has not attempted to include all available literature. The dissemination of leadership literature has allowed for research gaps to emerge, and future research recommendations to be drawn. Originality/value: Whilst there is an extensive body of leadership literature, there are few reviews of the literature. A comprehensive contemporary review facilitates an examination of the current complexities and state of the leadership field.
Entrepreneurship is a prominent area of inquiry which is enriched by a substantial literature base and challenged by definitional deficiencies. As multiple perspectives of entrepreneurship have emerged, the question of an integrated theory of entrepreneurship has arisen. Yet, given the range of perspectives of entrepreneurship this may be unachievable or create further challenges. Alternatively, this paper proposes a holistic approach to entrepreneurship. This holistic approach advocates the inclusion and recognition of the multiple perspectives of entrepreneurship, without the requirement for integration and any resultant compromise or concession. This has been achieved through the evaluation and synthesis of existing entrepreneurship literature, which was assessed against standing entrepreneurship conceptualisations. Existing models were synthesised and extended to develop an inclusive model, from which the proposition of a holistic approach emerged. This can facilitate the continued enlargement of the entrepreneurship field, whilst informing the conceptual parameters of the field and allow for interdisciplinary research without conceding entrepreneurship's claim as a distinct field of study. The discussion of this perspective of entrepreneurship allowed for future research opportunities to be identified. The exploitation of these research opportunities can potentially enrich the entrepreneurship field through a more nuanced understanding of innovation, entrepreneurial teams and entrepreneurial leadership.
Despite the 'archaeology' in its name, industrial archaeology is a world of its own which barely figures in ANTIQUITY or the other general archaeology journals. A consistent trend in recent archaeology has been a n interest in landscapes and the physical contexts of settlement, studies by survey rather than excavation of rich spot sitesfor their own sake. That landscape is usually rural, and its industry-mills, olive presses, or building-stone quarriesofa pastoral nature. Here, a n approach is presented in that same spirit, a s the archaeology ofa more fully industrial landscape.
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