Leader character has emerged as a critical foundation for leadership. In spite of the view that leader character can be developed, there has been limited holistic attention to what it takes to develop character. Character requires conscious development, and that conscious development not only requires an understanding of what character is, but how the anatomy of character enables and inhibits character development and expression. By anatomy, we refer to the four underlying anatomical systems—physiology, affect, behavior, and cognition (PABC)—that function independently, and in an interrelated manner, to support the development of character. For illustration, we offer the practice of listening to music as a means to develop character, highlighting the links between the PABC systems and character development.
Music can be used to enhance the pleasure derived from physical activity experiences through the selection of songs for each type and intensity of activity, which in turn can reduce negative physiological responses and improve adherence. Third- and fourth-year kinesiology undergraduate students completed a music questionnaire (N = 113, 63 females). Questions pertaining to whether the individual uses music while participating in exercise and/or leisure activities were asked, in addition to specifics on the purpose of listening to music and their demographic information. The data showed significant individual differences in regard to music preferences for each type of activity. Participants preferred music with a fast tempo for aerobic exercise, slow tempo for strength-training exercise, and slow tempo often in a major mode for leisure type activities. Sex differences were minimal. The results reinforce the idea that individual differences in music choices is an important concept for practitioners and researchers to consider in their future work.
In this work we are exploring the influence of the design of air diffusers on a number of parameters that influence the thermal comfort of building occupants. In particular we are looking at calculating the Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) and vertical temperature difference as well as the throw and drop parameters for various diffuser designs. The results show that while a complex radial vane diffuser that uses the Coanda effect could offer good performance if the HVAC system is used for cooling, the same design might not give any advantage as compared to a regular multi-cone design while the system is used for heating. This is mostly due to the strong air stratification observed for both diffuser designs, while the HVAC system is in the heating mode. Consequently we propose a better alternative, namely, to use a variable geometry (angle) air diffuser. To prove this concept we performed a CFD analysis of several diffusers, each delivering the air at different angles, for both heating and cooling mode, and we show that indeed using a design that allows changing the angle of the air jets between the heating and cooling season is the optimal way of delivering air to a room.
We build on the theoretical model proposed by Crossan et al. (2021) to examine leader character activation, through the use of music, as a foundational area for leader character development. Our findings reveal that music influences all of the physiology, affect, behavior, cognitive (PABC) systems to more and less degrees. As well, music activates all dimensions of character, with different dimensions of character varying in their reliance on the PABC systems. Our empirical examination underscores the importance of examining activation as an initial step in development, yielding insights into the holistic role of the PABC systems in character development. Although all four systems are implicated, this study points to the need to understand how various dimensions of leader character rely differentially on the PABCs, which provides important insight into how leader character development can be tailored. Finally, the study verifies the important role of music therapy in the activation and subsequent development of leader character and paves the way for other innovative approaches that move beyond the cognitive and behavioral focus in leadership development to embrace physiology and affect as well.
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