Background and Objectives: This study reviewed the literature to summarize the current and recent knowledge of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA). Methods: Through a literature review, this work summarizes many concepts related to TMJOA. Results: Although many signaling pathways have been investigated, the etiopathogenesis of TMJOA remains unclear. Some clinical signs are suggestive of TMJOA; however, diagnosis is mainly based on radiological findings. Treatment options include noninvasive, minimally invasive, and surgical techniques. Several study models have been used in TMJOA studies because there is no gold standard model. Conclusion: More research is needed to develop curative treatments for TMJOA, which could be tested with reliable in vitro models, and to explore tissue engineering to regenerate damaged temporomandibular joints.

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The objective of the present work was to develop a three-dimensional culture model to evaluate, in a short period of time, cartilage tissue engineering protocols. The spheroids were compared with the gold standard pellet culture. The dental mesenchymal stem cell lines were from pulp and periodontal ligament. The evaluation used RT-qPCR and Alcian Blue staining of the cartilage matrix. This study showed that the spheroid model allowed for obtaining greater fluctuations of the chondrogenesis markers than for the pellet one. The two cell lines, although originating from the same organ, led to different biological responses. Finally, biological changes were detectable for short periods of time. In summary, this work demonstrated that the spheroid model is a valuable tool for studying chondrogenesis and the mechanisms of osteoarthritis, and evaluating cartilage tissue engineering protocols.

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Aims:The purpose of this study was to assess the multifactorial etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). To this end, prevalence of occlusal factors and parafunctional habits was investigated and correlated in two groups: patients with TMD (case group) and patients without TMD (control group).Methods: Prevalence of 7 static and 4 dynamic malocclusion features, and some parafunctional activities (nail biting, teeth grinding, teeth clenching, lips and cheeks biting, pens chewing, mandibular jaw moves habit…) were recorded in the two groups. Case group consisted of 30 patients with a diagnosis of myofascial pain, with or without limited opening, and/or disk displacement with or without reduction. Control group consisted of 30 patients without TMD. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify the significant associations between occlusal variables, oral parafunctions and temporomandibular disorders.Results: All patients in case group, and 93.3% in control group had at least one malocclusion, and a statistically significant association between TMD and three malocclusions (two dynamic malocclusion features: mediotrusive interferences, laterotrusive interferences, and one static malocclusion: overbite >4 mm) was shown. Regarding parafunctional activities, all patients in case group, and 93,3% in control group had at least one parafunction, and the mean number of parafunctions per patient was significantly higher in case group than in control group. Besides, an association between TMD and some parafunctions was shown. Conclusion:Given the multifactorial nature of TMD, a behavioral reeducation to reduce parafunctional activities could be the first phase of the care for TMD patients and could prevent TMD development. Besides, special attention should be given to normocclusion criteria. These criteria must be fulfilled for any dental care.