Background: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes of women within low resource contexts continue to be of concern to policymakers. Notably, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to lag behind other regions of the world in improving SRH outcomes for women in the region. A key suggested strategy is male involvement through interventions that respect, promote and facilitate women in taking care of themselves and their new-borns. However, factors such as social-cultural barriers may preclude men's involvement in these programmes. There is a need for a context-specific understanding of gender dynamics and interaction and the mechanisms that enhance or impede men's involvement. Methods: We will employ a rapid realist review (RRR) methodology to examine what mechanisms and contextual factors are essential to facilitate the involvement of men in women's SRH programmes in SSA. In keeping with the realist literature we will follow six steps, which will include: (1) developing a theory, (2) developing a search strategy, (3) selecting and appraising documents, (4) extracting data, (5) analysing data and synthesising the evidence, and (6) presenting and disseminating a revised theory. We will also engage with key stakeholders who will provide local contextual insights and with experts in the subject area. The review findings will be shared with relevant stakeholders using a variety of avenues including through publications, at conferences and on social media platforms. Discussion: This review will identify the mechanisms and contextual factors that facilitate or hinder men's involvement in women's SRH programmes in SSA. The rationale for adopting an RRR approach is to help gather the information within a relatively short period to ensure relevance of findings to policymakers in SSA. Results from this work also have the potential to be adapted to the other contexts, for example, Ireland and the UK, which have a growing population of people from SSA.
Introduction: Pharmaceutical Waste Management (PWM) has emerged as a challenging issue, with both health and environmental negative impacts. The study assessed the common methods of pharmaceutical waste management disposal in Nkubu town among community pharmacies and households in the sanitation service chain. Problemstatement: Increasing disease incidence and prevalence necessitate healthcare practitioners to prescribe and dispense different medications. According to World Health Organization (WHO2010), more than half of all medications are inappropriately prescribed and sold, which causes unnecessary storage in community pharmacies (CPs) and households creating environmental threats that jeopardize efficiency of sanitation service chain. Methods: The study area was Nkubu town, where data was collected by use of structured questionnaires. size was 19 community pharmacies and 380 households. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results are presented in tables. Results: The study showed that 23.9% (n=91) of the households use pit latrines while 73.5% (n=14) of the community pharmacies use burning as the common methods of pharmaceutical waste disposal. Conclusion: The common method of pharmaceutical waste disposal being practiced in community pharmacies was burning while for households was emptying in the pit latrine. Disposal of unwanted pharmaceutical products through unsafe methods along the sanitation chain was prevalent among the respondents. Recommendation: There is need to create public awareness and establish educational programs regarding management and handling of unwanted pharmaceutical wastes among community pharmacies and households in Nkubu town. Key words: community pharmacies, household, pharmaceutical waste, pharmaceutical waste management , Sanitation, sanitation value chain.
Background: EuroQol-five dimension-five level (EQ-5D-5L) instrument is one of the most applied patient reported outcomes questionnaire globally. However, its novel application to surveil, compare and report the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of different populations is rare.This study aimed to estimate and compare the HRQoL of residents at the interface of Meru National Park in Igembe Central and the non-wildlife zone of Tigania West Sub-Counties of Meru County, Kenya. Methods: Sample frames were constructed from Meru County Ministry of Health registers and respondents systematically sampled. Data were gathered through EQ-5D-5L and structured demographic questionnaires and analyzed. Associations between HRQoL variables and hypothesis were tested through chi statistic and odds ratios respectively. Results: The HRQoL dimension of worry statistically differed significantly by nearness to the National Park between the two populations at 95% CI. χ² (1, N=525) =35.5281, p< .001. Populations at the brink of Meru National Park were 3 times more likely to report problems in the worry dimension of the EQ-5D-5L than their counterparts in the non-wildlife zones of Tigania West (OR3.068, 95% CI: 2.109 to 4.463) p< .00001). Further studies are required to establish the cause of anxiety/depression in this area to improve population mental health.
Introduction: Zoonoses are infectious diseases transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans. Persons with low knowledge and exposure to wildlife and domestic animals or their products are at higher risk. Extensive research and public health surveillance for timely response through One Health framework is necessary to stop possible cross-species pathogen exchange between animals and humans. This study compared the knowledge on zoonoses between residents at the wildlife-interface zone of Meru National Park, and non-wildlife areas of Tigania West Sub County, Meru Kenya. Methods: Data were collected simultaneously in both wildlife interface zone and non-wildlife zone and compared. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data for differences in awareness between the two areas. Results: The knowledge on zoonoses in the non-wildlife interface zone of Tigania West Sub-County was statistically significant at p< .05. Tigania West residents more aware of zoonoses than their counterparts living next to Meru National Park. χ² (1, N=525) =84.965, p< .001. Conclusion: The residents of Igembe Central had scanty knowledge on zoonoses despite closer proximity to the wildlife conservancy. This community was considerably at higher risk of contracting zoonoses than persons at the non-wildlife zones. Awareness creation through one health strategy is necessary as a deterrent measure.
This study established the sanitation stakeholder’s preference for the most suitable type of sanitation technology for the informal settlement. Manual pit emptiers had formed a community-based organization that was supported by a container-based sanitation company. The container-based sanitation company supported the CBO pit emptiers through provision of a transfer station that had a septic tank for containment of liquid waste. The household users were grouped into three: households’ tenants’ toilets, landlords of households’ toilets and caretakers or landlord representative of households’ toilets. The study adopted descriptive case study research design that enabled collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data in Mukuru Kwa Rueben and Mukuru kwa Njenga. Semi-structured questionnaires were used as primary collection tools, collection technique included observation, pictures, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0, qualitative data was presented in a reported way. There is insufficient research on stakeholder preference in informal settlements. Although some studies have been conducted on slum sanitation, no published study has explored stakeholder preferences in sanitation technologies specifically in these study areas. The study will give baseline information on the sanitation preference of the stakeholders in Mukuru kwa Njenga and Mukuru kwa Rueben in Nairobi, Kenya.The study established that CBS service provision was the most preferred sanitation technology among 39.2% of the household tenants, 55% among the landlords, 40% caretakers. The results from this study can be applied by the container-based company providers operating and sanitation service providers in low-income high-density settlement for scaling up emptying practices and sanitation technologies.
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