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Abstract Phylogenomic data from a rapidly increasing number of studies provide new evidence for resolving relationships in recently radiated clades, but they also pose new challenges for inferring evolutionary histories. Most existing methods for reconstructing phylogenetic hypotheses rely solely on algorithms that only consider incomplete lineage sorting as a cause of intra- or inter-genomic discordance. Here, we utilize a variety of methods, including those to infer phylogenetic networks, to account for both incomplete lineage sorting and introgression as a cause for nuclear and cytoplasmic-nuclear discordance using phylogenomic data from the recently radiated flowering plant genus Polemonium (Polemoniaceae), an ecologically diverse genus in Western North America with known and suspected gene flow between species. We find evidence for widespread discordance among nuclear loci that can be explained by both incomplete lineage sorting and reticulate evolution in the evolutionary history of Polemonium. Furthermore, the histories of organellar genomes show strong discordance with the inferred species tree from the nuclear genome. Discordance between the nuclear and plastid genome is not completely explained by incomplete lineage sorting, and only one case of discordance is explained by detected introgression events. Our results suggest that multiple processes have been involved in the evolutionary history of Polemonium and that the plastid genome does not accurately reflect species relationships. We discuss several potential causes for this cytoplasmic-nuclear discordance, which emerging evidence suggests is more widespread across the Tree of Life than previously thought.

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In recent years, it has been documented that climatic variability influences hydrological processes; however, these influences, such as hydrologic dynamics, have not yet been incorporated into models, which have been assumed as stationary with regard to climatic conditions. In this study, the temporal variability of hydrological processes and their influence on the water balance of a mountainous and data-sparse catchment in Chile are observed and modeled through the comparison of a stationary (time-invariant parameters) and dynamic (time-variant parameters) model. Since conceptual models are the most adequate option for a data-scarce basin, a conceptual model integrated with the Monte Carlo Analysis Toolbox is used to perform the analyses. Simple analyses aimed at increasing the amount of information obtained from models were used. The General and Dynamic Identifiability Analyses were used to perform stationary and dynamic calibration strategies, respectively. As a result we concluded that the dynamic model is more robust than the stationary one. Additionally, DYNIA helped us to observe the temporal variability of hydrological processes. This analysis contributed to a better understanding of hydrological processes in a data-sparse Andean catchment and thus could potentially help reduce uncertainties in the outputs of hydrological models under scenarios of climate change and/or variability. hydrological modeling comes into play, since it is one of the most used tools for water resources management and planning [2].Currently, there are many tools to support water resources planning and management. In particular, conceptual hydrological models have been widely used by the hydrological community [3,4] to provide a better understanding of hydrological processes [5], to estimate long-term water availability [6], and to make projections of climate [7][8][9] and land use change [10,11], among other uses. However, there is still a need not only to reproduce the past behavior of a basin, but also to evaluate the representativeness of the chosen model and its processes to assess the quality of the simulations for a given basin. This must be done not

Abstract—During his expedition to South America, Eduard F. Poeppig collected about 17,000 botanical specimens, of which three belong to Connaraceae. These specimens were used to describe more than 500 species in the three volumes of Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum. In the third volume, Poeppig (1845) described two new species of Connaraceae: Omphalobium rubrum (=Connarus ruber) and Connarus macrophyllus (=Pseudoconnarus macrophyllus). As Poeppig´s descriptions are not accompanied by a clear indication of type specimens, these two names were afterwards lectotypified. A revision of Poeppig’s collections, descriptions and illustrations indicates that the lectotype of Omphalobium rubrum needs to be corrected, and a second step of lectotypification is required for Connarus macrophyllus. By correcting a lectotype, a reestablishment is also proposed. Aside from the nomenclatural updates, this work expands the description of the two species published by Poeppig (1845) as well as the reestablished taxon, and illustrates and discusses their taxonomy and distribution.

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