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BackgroundTetrastarch can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans with sepsis, but less likely to result in tissue edema than lactated Ringer's solution (LRS).ObjectivesCompare effects of volume replacement (VR) with LRS and 6% tetrastarch solution (TS) on extravascular lung water (EVLW) and markers of AKI in hemorrhaged dogs.AnimalsSix healthy English Pointer dogs (19.7–35.3 kg).MethodsProspective crossover study. Animals underwent anesthesia without hemorrhage (Control). Two weeks later, dogs hemorrhaged under anesthesia on 2 occasions (8‐week washout intervals) and randomly received VR with LRS or TS at 3 : 1 or 1 : 1 of shed blood, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained until 4 hour after VR for EVLW measurements derived from transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and creatinine concentrations in plasma and urine were measured until 72 hour after VR.ResultsThe EVLW index (mL/kg) was lower at 1 hour after TS (10.0 ± 1.9) in comparison with controls (11.9 ± 3.4, P = 0.04), and at 4 hour after TS (9.7 ± 1.9) in comparison with LRS (11.8 ± 2.7, P = 0.03). Arterial oxygen partial pressure‐to‐inspired oxygen fraction ratio did not differ among treatments from 0.5 to 4 hour after VR. Urine NGAL/creatinine ratio did not differ among treatments and remained below threshold for AKI (120,000 pg/mg).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough TS causes less EVLW accumulation than LRS, neither fluid produced evidence of lung edema (impaired oxygenation). Both fluids appear not to cause AKI when used for VR after hemorrhage in healthy nonseptic dogs.

BackgroundTetrastarch solution (TS) can impair coagulation but the clinical relevance of this impairment is unclear in veterinary medicine.ObjectiveCompare the effects of volume replacement (VR) with lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or 6% TS on coagulation in hemorrhaged dogs.AnimalsSix healthy English Pointer dogs (19.7‐35.3 kg).MethodsProspective crossover study. Dogs were anesthetized without hemorrhage and VR (control). Two weeks later, dogs were hemorrhaged under anesthesia on 2 occasions (8‐week washout intervals) and randomly received VR with LRS or TS at 3:1 or 1:1 of shed blood, respectively, aiming to decrease the hematocrit to 33%. Rotational thromboelastometry and other coagulation variables were determined before 0.5, 2, and 4 hours after VR during anesthesia and 24 hours after VR (conscious dogs).ResultsBuccal mucosal bleeding time did not differ between treatments after VR. Activated partial thromboplastin time increased from controls 4 hours after TS (P = 0.045). Clot formation time (CFT) and alfa‐angle increased from controls from 0.5 to 4 hours after LRS (CFT, P ≤ 0.0001‐0.02; alpha angle, P = 0.0001‐0.02) and from 0.5 to 2 hours after TS (CFT, P = 0.0002‐0.01; alpha angle, P = 0.0005‐0.02). The maximum clot firmness decreased from controls from 0.5 to 4 hours after LRS (P ≤ 0.0001‐0.01) and TS (P ≤ 0.0001‐0.04).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceTetrastarch does not impair primary hemostasis and induces transient dilutional coagulopathy that is similar to LRS because, when compared to a 3 times higher volume of LRS in hemorrhaged dogs, it does not cause greater interference on the viscoelastic properties of the coagulum.

ABSTRACT.-Franco R.P., Massufaro C.R., Martineli J., Girotto C.H., Hirota I.N., Zache E. & Hataka A. 2016 The measurement of serum lactate is used in the medical routine as a prognosis marker of emergency patients. Its interpretation should not be done disconnectedly from the other clinical parameters once metabolical or environmental stress as well as restraint and/or manipulation of patients can interfere. Thus we tried to measure the levels of serum lactate and clinical parameters of healthy dogs, as their correlation during veterinarian outpatient clinical care. For that we evaluated 80 dogs, males and females, with age ranging from one to eight years, met for polyvalent annual revaccination. We considered to be healthy those dogs that had no clinical events in the last 60 days or alteration in physical exams, blood exam values and serum glycemia. We initially measured body weight, heart rate (HR) and respiratory (RR), capillary refill time, mucosa's coloring, rectal temperature (RT), peripheral temperature (PT) and the difference between RT and PT, Delta T°C. Finally we did the blood exam and the serum glycemia, as well as the serum lactate measurement. For that we used a portable lactimeter, using the blood sample taken from the cephalic vein. Furthermore, when there was correlation between the serum lactate values and the body weight, we divided the dogs according to the calculation of 33 and 66 percentile. Evaluated dogs showed average values of 18.3±12.1 kg of body weight and 3.0±1.9 of age; with HR of 126.6±29.1bpm, RR of 66±24mpm, RT of 38.9±0.4°C, PT of 31.5±1,0°C, Delta T°C of 7.3±1.0°C and serum lactate of 3.2±0.4mmol/L; with the latter showing range of 3.1-3.3mmol/L with 95% of reliability and significant correlation (p<0.05) between its values and the body weight (r=0.6) and the heart rate (r=0.4). The serum lactate values obtained were compared between the dogs' groups according to their body weight, showing distinguished differences between them. Thereby we concluded that the serum lactate values in dogs under outpatient care is 3.2mmol/L, with a trust gap of 3.1-3.3mmol/L, highlighting the influence that HR and body weight can have on its values.INDEX TERMS: Serum lactate, clinical parameters, dogs.

Exam techniques were akin the ones used in humans. Doppler echocardiographic, radiographic, electrocardiographic and clinical parameters for howler monkey were described and correlated. The results have shown profiles of cardiovascular function and structure of A. g. clamitans.