Low-intensity swimming training, started at an early age, was undertaken to observe glycemic control in hypothalamic obese mice produced by neonatal monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) treatment. Although swimming exercises by weaning pups inhibited hypothalamic obesity onset and recovered sympathoadrenal axis activity, this event was not observed when exercise training is applied to young adult mice. However, the mechanisms producing this improved metabolism are still not fully understood. Current work verifies whether, besides reducing fat tissue accumulation, low-intensity swimming in MSG-weaned mice also improves glycemic control. Although MSG and control mice swam for 15 min/day, 3 days a week, from the weaning stage up to 90 days old, sedentary MSG and normal mice did not exercise at all. After 14 h of fasting, animals were killed at 90 days of age. Retroperitonial fat accumulation was measured to estimate obesity. Fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations were also measured. Mice were also submitted to ipGTT. MSG obese mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. However, the exercise was able to block MSG treatment effects. Higher total cholesterol and triglycerides observed in MSG mice were normalized by exercise after weaning. Exercised MSG animals had higher HDLc than the sedentary group. Data suggest that early exercise training maintains normoglycemia, insulin tissue sensitivity, and normal lipid profile in mice programmed to develop metabolic syndrome.
The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large‐scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications.
Conservation Units (CU) aim to contribute to the balance between human and environmental demand, by protecting natural resources and biological communities. In this study we examined the differences in the attributes of the fish community in four stretches of an urban stream, two inside and two outside the CU, without vegetation cover, and tested the hypothesis that the presence of riparian vegetation is positively reflected in the attributes of fish fauna. Five species were caught, distributed into four orders and five families. Attributes like richness, abundance, dominance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness were estimated and significant differences were detected for continuous stretches considering stream flow direction. The first stretches (URBI and UCI) presented a lower diversity that increased gradually until the last stretch, and an inverse result was found for dominance. These changes occurred regardless the location of the stretch, in-or outside the CU. The importance of Conservation Units within urban areas is severely affected by the lack of continuity of forested areas, especially riparian vegetation. Therefore, we suggest the effective recovery of permanent preservation areas and of riparian vegetation in order to mitigate the impacts of human activities.
Uma revisão sistemática do impacto da Teoria da Rainha Vermelha (TRV) foi realizada desde o ano da sua formulação em 1973 até 2018. Publicada há 45 anos, a TRV tenta elucidar a manutenção do sexo ao longo da árvore da vida, considerando os custos inerentes aos envolvidos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi identificar, tendências, lacunas e sistemas biológicos onde a TRV é válida em diferentes disciplinas relacionadas à biodiversidade. Houve uma frequência variável de citações e um aumento das publicações na última década. Quanto ao número de publicações, todos os principais países são ricos: Estados Unidos da América, Inglaterra e Suíça. As revistas de alto fator de impacto foram responsáveis por 30 % dos artigos publicados e os estudos de nível populacional, compostos por 70 % das publicações, provavelmente porque os artigos da TRV estudaram a coevolução interespecífica, quando abordados pela perspectiva ecológica. A maioria dos artigos focou em invertebrados e microorganismos, superando as publicações com vertebrados e plantas. As publicações abrangeram todas as disciplinas relacionadas com a biodiversidade, mas a Biologia Evolutiva e a Ecologia foram as mais predominantes. Isso demonstra o potencial aumento do impacto, visibilidade e discussão da teoria refletida em estudos de ciências naturais de longo prazo, contribuindo para o aumento do apoio financeiro e questões que abordam outros grupos taxonômicos e níveis ecológicos, tornando-se historicamente uma fonte de subsídio teórico de informação.
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