In high-risk women, angiogenic factors are disturbed before the onset of preeclampsia and this is true for intrauterine growth restriction.

Background-The impact of nanoparticles we are increasingly exposed to remains largely unknown. Of particular concern is the exposure of pregnant women and potential impact on fetal development. Indeed, many in vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that nanoparticles are able to cross the placental barrier and induce toxic effects to the fetus. However, little is known in humans. Objective-The aim and originality of this study were to investigate the nanoparticle burden of amniotic fluids in pregnant women. Methods-To that purpose, 100 amniotic fluids collected for clinical purposes were used to determine the nanoparticle quantity and nature by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (NAMIOTIC, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02720887). Results-The prevalence of patients with a substantial concentration for the essential trace elements Cu, Fe and Zn was high, while that of patients with a substantial concentration of Al, Ag, Be, Co, Cr, Ni, Si, Ti and W was relatively low (under 20%). It was generally higher in the fraction containing nanoparticles and ions than in the fraction containing micro-and submicroparticles. No correlation was found between the nanoparticle burden and the different potential sources of exposure to nanoparticles (smoking status of the patient, living area, heating source, mode of transport, leisure, use of hygiene products and cosmetics and occupational activities). Conclusion-Our results showing low concentrations and low prevalence of most of the assessed elements in amniotic fluids are reassuring. Further research is needed to draw firm conclusions on the developmental toxicity of engineered nanoparticles in humans but the present paper can provide a useful basis for further evaluation of the fetal toxicity of nanoparticles.