We show that market-maker balance sheet and income statement variables explain time variation in liquidity, suggesting liquidity-supplier financing constraints matter. Using 11 years of NYSE specialist inventory positions and trading revenues, we find that aggregate market-level and specialist firm-level spreads widen when specialists have large positions or lose money. The effects are nonlinear and most prominent when inventories are big or trading results have been particularly poor. These sensitivities are smaller after specialist firm mergers, consistent with deep pockets easing financing constraints. Finally, compared to low volatility stocks, the liquidity of high volatility stocks is more sensitive to inventories and losses.ASSET MARKET LIQUIDITY VARIES considerably over time. This variation matters to market participants who worry about the cost of trading into or out of a desired position in a short period of time. Liquidity can affect asset prices, too. For example, investors may demand higher rates of return as compensation for holding illiquid assets and assets that are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in liquidity. However, despite the interest in aggregate liquidity from both of these angles, we know relatively little about exactly why market liquidity varies over time. Recent theoretical work by Gromb and Vayanos (2002) and Brunnermeier and Pedersen (2009), among others, postulates that limited market-maker capital can explain empirical features of asset market liquidity.

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a b s t r a c tRegulators globally are concerned that dark trading harms price discovery. We show that dark trades are less informed than lit trades. High levels of dark trading increase adverse selection risk on the lit exchange by increasing the concentration of informed traders. Using both high-and low-frequency measures of informational efficiency we find that low levels of non-block dark trading are benign or even beneficial for informational efficiency, but high levels are harmful. In contrast, we find no evidence that block trades in the dark impede price discovery.

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