A retrospective study of the pathologic findings in weedy (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) and leafy (Phycodurus eques) seadragons was performed on specimens submitted to 2 reference laboratories from 1994 to 2012 to determine the range and occurrence of diseases affecting aquarium-held populations. One hundred two and 94 total diagnoses were recorded in weedy and leafy seadragons, respectively. Two of the more common etiologic diagnoses in both species were mycobacteriosis and scuticociliatosis, whereas myxozoanosis was common in weedy seadragons. Metazoan parasite infections were less common etiologic diagnoses. There were no correlations between mycobacteriosis and ciliate protozoan infections in either species. Myxozoanosis was usually found in combination with other diseases and, except for 1 case, was restricted to weedy seadragons. Phaeohyphomycosis, nonmycobacterial bacterial infections, and trauma were also important but less frequent diagnoses. Intestinal coccidiosis was found in weedy but not leafy seadragons. Mineralization of the swim bladder was detected in 26 of 197 leafy seadragons and only 2 of 257 weedy seadragons. Although weedy and leafy seadragons share certain diseases of significance to exhibit populations, there are diseases unique to each species about which the veterinary pathologist, clinician, or diagnostician should be aware.
Sterols, alkaloids, and phenols were determined in two samples of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) which differed only in that one sample was heavily infested with the molds Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium. Total sterol and total alkaloid contents were higher in the moldy tobacco sample; total phenol content was higher in the nonmoldy sample. Differences in amounts of nicotine, chlorogenic acid, rutin, scopolin, caffeic acid, and minor sterol constituents indicated that cured tobacco subjected to conditions favoring mold development may undergo alteration in a number of its chemical constituents.A problem sometimes encountered during post harvest processing of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is infestation of leaves in curing barns by molds when the environment is moist and warm. Young and Jeffrey (1943) noted that when tobacco is air-cured under conditions of high relative humidity, leaves mold and their nitrogen composition is significantly different from lamina cured under conditions of lower relative humidity. Since there is evidence that molds such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus which commonly infest tobacco are capable of metabolizing or synthesizing sterols (Barton and Bruun, 1951;Vanghelovici and Serban, 1941), alkaloids (Bates. 1938; Erlich, 1917), and phenols (Hay et al., 1961; Simpson et al., 1960;Westlake et al., 1959), it was the objective of this preliminary study to determine whether qualitative or quantitative differences in these three types of compounds occurred in flue-cured tobacco exposed to conditions favorable for mold infestation. MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of Tissue Samples. Field-grown Nicotiana tabacum L. var.NC2236 was harvested at maturity, flue-cured, and then divided randomly leaf by leaf into two equal lots of about 1 kg. each. The resulting composite samples were subsequently handled in an identical manner, except that while one sample was maintained under normal storage conditions unfavorable to mold development, the other was brought into high order and kept in a warm glasshouse. To hasten development of the mold, this sample was inoculated with scraps of moldy leaf obtained from curing barn trash. After 3 weeks the sample was removed from the glasshouse and allowed to dry to a keeping condition (moisture content less than or equal to 11%) under atmospheric conditions.Both samples were ground to a homogeneous powder prior to chemical analysis. Moisture contents of the two samples at the time of analysis were approximately 6%.Cultures of Microorganisms. Cultures of the two
Green leaves harvested from tobacco plants were processed and stored by various methods prior to determination of chlorogenic acid and rutin. Samples lyophilized immediately after harvest, with or without prior quick-freeze, retained levels of chlorogenic acid and rutin comparable with those of fresh tissue. Samples stored at -85°C. showed a moderate loss in chlorogenic acid content, but no loss of rutin. Samples stored in a freezer at -15°C. for 3 weeks prior to extraction and analysis showed large reduction in amounts
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