In Peru, the growing production of agricultural crops such as coffee generates large volumes of solid waste. In 2020 alone, around 598 thousand tons of lignocellulosic waste were obtained from the coffee harvest, which, for the most part, are dumped in the field and used as compost or burned for the operation of machinery, causing environmental and health problems. Two agricultural biomasses from the coffee harvest (pulp and husk) were characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, O, N and S), calorific value, pH, proximate analysis (moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), chemical analysis (cellulose, lignin and holocellulose), thermogravimetric analysis and IR spectroscopy. The values reported for the elemental, proximal, chemical, calorific value and pH analyzes agree with those obtained in previous studies and they are indicators of a great potential to produce biochar through thermochemicalprocesses such as pyrolysis or gasification. Finally, higher contents of lignin, ashes and fixed carbon were obtained for the coffee pulp, turning out to be a better precursor for biochar applied to soil conditioning, unlike the coffee husk that, due to the lower content of ashes, turns out to be a better precursor. for obtaining biofuels.
Se aplica la termogravimetría en un medio inerte (nitrógeno) usando tres velocidades de calentamiento (β=5, 10, 20 °C/min) en un amplio intervalo de temperaturas (25 a 800 °C). El triplete cinético se determina usando el método isoconversional de Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose para la obtención de la energía de activación y el factor preexponencial, mientras que con los gráficos maestros se estima el modelo cinético. Los resultados muestran valores de energía de activación promedio de 81.53 y 163.08 kJ/mol y un valor promedio del factor preexponencial de 1.06x10 7 y 4.07x10 7 min -1 para los modelos cinéticos de difusión (D1) y contracción cilíndrica (R2). El triplete cinético se valida con datos experimentales obtenidos de la bibliografía. Se demuestra que el triplete cinético obtenido predice las curvas termogravimétricas experimentales con una calidad de ajuste promedio del QOF=2.3%. En conclusión, se describe exitosamente el comportamiento de la pirólisis del esquisto bituminoso de la Cuenca Lancones.
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of minerals and organic matter from which oil can be obtained through thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis. The Muerto formation is located in the Lancones Basin, Peru, which has favorable geological and geochemical characteristics that indicate the existence of shale rocks with unconventional oil potential. Chemical characterization and kinetic analysis of three shale samples were performed to assess their potential as a source of liquid fuels. The elemental analysis indicates an H/C ratio in the range of 0.45 to 1.13. The organic matter content analyzed by the Walkley & Black method varies between 5.60 to 7.03% (m/m) and from 1.65 to 3.40% (m/m) according to the Soxhlet extraction method. The thermogravimetric analysis was performed in the range of 30 ° C to 900 ° C, which indicated that the decomposition occurs in three stages, in stage (a) dehydration occurs, in stage (b) the decomposition of the organic matter and in step (c) the carbonates are decomposed. Steps (b) and (c) show the potential of obtaining fuels via thermochemical processes. The kinetic analysis was developed using the isoconversional methods of Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. The best results were obtained by applying the Friedman method, which for the conversion range of 0.05≤ α ≤0.35 determines an average activation energy of 128.738 kJ/mol, an average frequency factor of 2.37E+08 min-1, with an R2 average of 0.858. In the range of 0.45≤ α ≤0.95, there is an average activation energy of 156.584 kJ/mol, an average frequency factor of 1.81E+08 min-1 and an average R2 of 1.
Population growth has brought with it pollution problems caused by plastic waste and the use of fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation technology that finds a solution to these two major problems by transforming plastic waste into synthetic oil. In this research, a simulation of a pyrolysis plant that processes 60 tons per day of the three most common plastic waste (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) in Peru to obtain synthetic oil is carried out. The product is compared with a commercial WTI oil and a diesel fuel to validate its properties. An economic analysis is carried out to obtain the net present value (NPV) of the project for a horizon of 10 years. From the results of the simulation, a production of 12 thousand barrels per month of synthetic oil was obtained with a liquid product yield of 81.6%, and with 50.6 °API. This result shows that synthetic oil is lighter than a commercial oil but does not have the properties of a diesel fuel to be marketed without first undergoing an additional refining process. Finally, in the economic analysis, a NPV of $18.8 million dollars, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 80% and a project investment recovery period of 1.3 years were obtained.
Shale oil is an alternative energy resource for oil production and can be obtained from the pyrolysis of oil shale. In Peru, a deposit has been in the Lancones basin that has geological and geochemical characteristics that indicate the possible existence of oil shale. A pyrolysis plant for oil shale in the Lancones basin-Peru was designed and simulated, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined by applying the KAS isoconversional method, three reaction zones were identified and was obtained for the conversion range [0.05,0.20] 𝑬 𝒂 of 97.7 kJ/mol and an 𝑨 𝒂 equal to 1.64E+04 min-1, with an f(α) of the D3 type; for the conversion range <0.20,0.50] an 𝑬 𝒂 of 158.8 kJ/mol and an 𝑨 𝒂 equal to 7.63E+07 min-1 with an f(α) of type D1 and for the conversion range <0.50,0.95] an 𝑬 𝒂 of 163.8 kJ/mol and an 𝑨 𝒂 equal to 4.87E+07 min-1, with an f(α) of type R2. The pyrolysis plant comprises three stages: drying, pyrolysis and condensation. For a load of 375 t/h of oil shale and a period of 4 hours, a conversion of 90% of the organic material was obtained with a production of 3 t/h (611.8 bbl/d) of shale oil. This production is greater than the production of oil fields II and IX located in the same basin.
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