Revisions to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) clarify that secondary exposure can lead to the development of impairing symptoms requiring treatment. Historically known as secondary traumatic stress (STS), this reaction occurs through repeatedly hearing the details of traumatic events experienced by others. Professionals who work therapeutically with trauma victims may be at particular risk for this exposure. This meta-analysis of 38 published studies examines 17 risk factors for STS among professionals indirectly exposed to trauma through their therapeutic work with trauma victims. Small significant effect sizes were found for trauma caseload volume (r = .16), caseload frequency (r = .12), caseload ratio (r = .19), and having a personal trauma history (r = .19). Small negative effect sizes were found for work support (r = -.17) and social support (r = -.26). Demographic variables appear to be less implicated although more work is needed that examines the role of gender in the context of particular personal traumas. Caseload frequency and personal trauma effect sizes were moderated by year of publication. Future work should examine the measurement of STS and associated impairment, understudied risk factors, and effective interventions.

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ResumenThis article presents the validation of the IRIDS-100 or Inventory of Interpersonal Relationships and AffectiveDependencies, the latter being subdivided into 1)Emotional Dependency (maladaptive behavior contingent to an affective-dependent interrelationship), 2)Codependency (caregiver-heterocontrol syndrome) and 3) Bidependency (affective dependency engrafted on a substance dependency). The purpose of this paper is to construct and validate the Inventory of InterpersonalRelationships and Sentimental Dependencies (IRIDS-100).The total sample was made up of 880 individuals, 100 of them (11.4%) identified as emotional dependent; 52 (n= 5.9%) as codependent, and 75 (n=8.5%) as bidependent. (35.3%) general population individuals and variouscomparison samples (addicts and non-codependent relatives) were selected via simple random sampling. AFE (principal component extraction method) was used, and reliability, internal consistency, and content and decision validity criteria were assessed. IRIDS-100 psychometric guarantees were confirmed, and a factor structure made up of seven explicative dimensions was found: Dependent Triad, Accommodation, Self-deception, Negative Feelings, Personal History, Characterosis, and Codependent Triad. Analyzed constructs have entity and rationale owing to their social and health impact: 8.66% of the general population (control group) has a remarkable relationship dependency level. We propose to go dig into the relationship dependency phenomenon and its associated factors due to their double evaluation and therapeutic utility.

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Flapping wing robots show promise as platforms for safe and efficient flight in near-human operations, thanks to their ability to agile maneuver or perch at a low Reynolds number. The growing trend in the automatization of these robots has to go hand in hand with an increase in the payload capacity. This work provides a new passive morphing wing prototype to increase the payload of this type of UAV. The prototype is based on a biased elastic joint and the holistic research also includes the modelling, simulation and optimization scheme, thus allowing to adapt the prototype for any flapping wing robot. This model has been validated through flight experiments on the available platform, and it has also been demonstrated that the morphing prototype can increase the lift of the robot under study by up to 16% in real flight and 10% of estimated consumption reduction.