This article details the ESAFORM Benchmark 2021. The deep drawing cup of a 1 mm thick, AA 6016-T4 sheet with a strong cube texture was simulated by 11 teams relying on phenomenological or crystal plasticity approaches, using commercial or self-developed Finite Element (FE) codes, with solid, continuum or classical shell elements and different contact models. The material characterization (tensile tests, biaxial tensile tests, monotonic and reverse shear tests, EBSD measurements) and the cup forming steps were performed with care (redundancy of measurements). The Benchmark organizers identified some constitutive laws but each team could perform its own identification. The methodology to reach material data is systematically described as well as the final data set. The ability of the constitutive law and of the FE model to predict Lankford and yield stress in different directions is verified. Then, the simulation results such as the earing (number and average height and amplitude), the punch force evolution and thickness in the cup wall are evaluated and analysed. The CPU time, the manpower for each step as well as the required tests versus the final prediction accuracy of more than 20 FE simulations are commented. The article aims to guide students and engineers in their choice of a constitutive law (yield locus, hardening law or plasticity approach) and data set used in the identification, without neglecting the other FE features, such as software, explicit or implicit strategy, element type and contact model.
This article focuses on a systematic study of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in order to extensively characterize the main mechanical properties at the macro-, micro- and submicrometric length scale under different stress fields. Hardness, elastic modulus, true stress–strain curves and strain-hardening exponent are correlated with the intrinsic properties of the α- and β-phases that constitute this alloy. A systematic characterization process followed, considering the anisotropic effect on both orthogonal crystallographic directions, as well as determining the intrinsic properties for the α-phase. An analytical relationship was established between the flow stress determined under different stress fields, testing geometries and length scales, highlighting that it is possible to estimate flow stress under compression and/or tensile loading from the composite hardness value obtained by instrumented nanoindentation testing.
Electrospun fiber-based random lasers are environment-friendly flexible systems in which waveguiding/scattering processes provided by their structure with a broad distribution of diameters are essential elements to generate a suitable lasing mechanism.
The research interest in titanium alloys lies in the fact that their exceptional mechanical properties make them ideal for specific industrial applications, such as biomedical, aerospace, and military industries. [1][2][3] Despite its high cost, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is currently the most widely used titanium alloy, [4] combining good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, [5][6][7][8][9][10] high strength, low weight, and ductility. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Several manufacturing processes among the aforementioned applications contemplate the implementation of material characterization procedures, either on pristine samples of the material or on previously manufactured parts. The most commonly applied experimental procedures to identify the macroscopic orthotropic elastoplastic properties of a material include monotonic tensile, [17,18] compression, [19,20] and shear [21,22] tests of material samples obtained from its orthogonal directions. The main limitations of these tests are the size of the specimens and their subsequent destruction,
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