Interventional cardiology procedures usually imply high doses to the staff, as paediatric cardiologists need to stay closer to the patient than during adult procedures. Also, biplane systems are used that imply an additional source of staff doses. The objective of this paper is to measure scatter doses in four X-ray systems, using polymethyl methacrylate phantoms with thicknesses ranging from 4 to 16 cm to simulate paediatric patients, for the different acquisition modes. Scatter dose rates measured at the position of cardiologist's eyes ranged from 0.8 to 12 mSv h(-1), and about twice the above values at lower extremities, as a linear function of the surface air kerma at the phantom, keeping the irradiated area constant. Therefore, the respective personal dose equivalent for the lens of the eyes may be around 0.5 and 1 mSv throughout the procedure, if additional protection is not used. Simultaneous cine acquisition in biplane systems yielded scatter doses to cardiologists, increased by factors from 5 to 21, compared with a single C-arm acquisition case and depending on geometry. Knowledge of scatter doses for different operation modes, patient thicknesses and the biplane operation should help paediatric cardiologists to adopt conservative attitudes in respect of their occupational radiation risks.
Radiation dose and image quality for paediatric protocols in all five X-ray fluoroscopy systems used for interventional cardiology procedures existing in Chile have been evaluated. Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and image quality using a test object (TO) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms have been measured for the typical paediatric patient thicknesses (4-16 cm of PMMA). Images from fluoroscopy (low (FL), medium and high) and cine (CI) modes have been archived in DICOM format. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), figure of merit (FOM) and high-contrast spatial resolution (HCSR) have been computed from the images. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum value of ESAK per frame for a given fluoroscopy mode between the five systems ranges from 2 to 5 and from 14 to 38 for CI mode. SNR, FOM and HCSR showed a great variability for the different acquisition modes (AMs) and PMMA thickness. In the near future, it is urgent to upgrade Chilean legislation on radiation protection to incorporate quality assurance programmes that will allow us to evaluate and optimise the X-ray systems used in medical applications. Increments in doses per frame when increasing phantom thickness and when used CI runs instead of FL runs can be considered by the cardiologist in the good management of patient dose and allow them to select the best imaging AM during clinical procedures.
The aim of this work was to investigate the differences in dose settings and image quality among 10 X-ray systems used for interventional cardiology in Chile. Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was measured on a phantom of 20 cm thickness of polymethyl methacrylate slabs. Image quality was evaluated using DICOM images of a test object Leeds TOR 18-FG for cine mode acquisition, through the numerical parameters signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high-contrast spatial resolution (HCSR) and figure of merit. ESAK rate values for fluoroscopy modes ranged between 7.1 and 121.7 mGy min(-1). For cine mode, ESAK values per frame ranged from 63 to 400 µGy fr(-1). SNR and HCSR parameters for cine mode varied from 4.8 to 8.6 and 0.4 to 10, respectively. FOM values resulted from 6.9 to 64.5 among the different X-ray systems. Results show important differences between systems and point out the need to launch an optimisation programme.
Quantities and units for patient dosimetry in diagnostic and interventional radiology Abstract: Because diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures represent one of the main sources of irradiation by ionizing radiation in the population 95TÉCNICAS IMAGINOLÓGICAS tisulares nocivas) y efectos estocásticos, es decir, cáncer y efectos heredables (2) . Los primeros, se caracterizan por presentar un umbral de dosis absorbida (dosis absorbida se define como una medida de la energía depositada por la radiación ionizante en un blanco y la medición de la misma se conoce como dosimetría (3) por encima del cual la gravedad de la lesión, incluyendo el deterioro de la capacidad de recuperación del tejido, aumenta con la dosis. En el caso de los efectos estocásticos, se presentan con un modelo lineal sin umbral, es decir, desarrollar un cáncer o efecto heredable atribuible a la radiación se puede presentar con cualquier valor de dosis y su probabilidad se incrementa con la misma.Por lo anterior, es prioritaria una evaluación y cuantificación permanente de los niveles de radiación ionizante a que son expuestos los pacientes durante los procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico e intervencionismo. Para esto, se requiere la formulación de magnitudes y unidades apropiadas. Esta tarea fundamental de la Comisión Internacional de Unidades y Medidas Radiológicas (ICRU), es realizada junto a otras organizaciones como la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP), la Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica (IAEA), el UNSCEAR, la Organización Internacional para la Estandarización (ISO) y el Consejo Nacional de Protección Radiológica y Medidas de Estados Unidos (NCRP) que definen y conceptualizan estos fenómenos físicos, químicos y biológicos.Sin embargo, la incorporación de esta información no se encuentra actualizada en nuestra legislación (4,5) . Son escasos los documentos o artículos nacionales que den cuenta de las magnitudes y unidades que se deben utilizar para la dosimetría de pacientes en procedimientos convencionales y digitales de tomografía computarizada, fluoroscopia, radiología general, radiología dental, mamografía y cateterismo.Por todo lo anterior, el presente trabajo de revisión tiene como objetivo generar un primer documento guía que presente de manera didáctica y en un lenguaje ameno para los profesionales de la salud y áreas afines, las principales magnitudes y unidades que se deben utilizar en la dosimetría de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico o intervencionismo. Desarrollo I. Magnitudes fundamentalesEl reporte ICRU-85 (6) del año 2011, es una de las principales publicación que trata el tema de las magnitudes y unidades utilizadas en forma genérica para describir a las radiaciones ionizantes. Este documento reemplazó el informe previo del año 1998 (ICRU-60 (7) , el cual tiene una versión traducida por la Sociedad Española de Física Médica (8) . En estos documentos se asignan magnitudes a diferentes categorías.a. Magnitudes radiométricas: Se refieren al número y energía de las part...
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