There are 26 phylogenetic studies for Bromeliaceae based on different sources of evidence. Despite this broad phylogenetic coverage of Bromeliaceae, however, the available phylogenetic data display a scattered sampling, with little overlap among different types of evidence. The aim of this study is to integrate the available phylogenetic information of the Bromeliaceae in one hypothesis using a supertree. To test which of them integrates best the information for Bromeliaceae, nine supertree methods were employed: Avcon, MSS, MinFlip, MMC, MRP, PhySIC_IST, Robinson-Foulds Supertree, Sfit, and SuperFine. Supertrees were compared with a reference tree, generated from the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of a supermatrix integrated by 120 taxa of Bromeliaceae and seven cpDNA regions. In order to select which method best reconstructs the most robust phylogeny, two different sets of source trees were used: (i) those generated from the analysis of each individual DNA regions; and (ii) four selected phylogenies (from the 26 published works). We used the consensus fork index, normalized partition metric, patristic distance coefficient, and the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test to compare supertrees with the reference tree. The best performing methods were used to construct a supertree using all phylogenies of Bromeliaceae. The SuperFine method generated the best supertree. The lack of overlapping among phylogenies was the major limiting factor for the integration of the phylogenetic information of Bromeliaceae. Nonetheless, supertree methods helped in the identification of poorly sampled groups, as well as to explore levels of agreement among published phylogenetic studies for Bromeliaceae.
Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) represent the fourth most important crop in the world. In 2017, an area of 5,637,508 hectares and a production of 153 million tons were reported. Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is considered one of the most destructive diseases of bananas and plantains worldwide. The pathogen Foc causes a typical wilt syndrome on infected plants, it has a saprophytic and parasitic phase in its life cycle. Fusarium wilt is a “polycyclic” disease. This pathogen shows a relatively diverse population genetic structure for a fungus apparently of asexual reproduction and is composed of different evolutionary lineages, which has 24 groups of vegetative compatibility (VCGs), two clades and nine clonal linage. Foc is a genetically diverse pathogen, although the available evidence so far indicates that it does not use the mechanisms of sexual reproduction, such as recombination, to increase its genetic diversity. Furthermore, the population of this fungus in Southeast Asia shows a high degree of variation, suggesting that Foc lineages evolved together with their hosts in Southeast Asia. Alternatively, it has been suggested that Foc has multiple independent evolutionary origins, both within and outside of the Musaceae origin center.
A fin de contribuir con el conocimiento de la familia Orchidaceae en el Macizo del Turimiquire, se realizaron exploraciones en un sector de la Serranía de La Cuchilla, municipio Caripe, estado Monagas (10°07,00’N 63°33,45’O) entre los años 2005-2008 y durante los meses de diciembre-enero, mayo, julio-septiembre. Todos lo ejemplares colectados están depositados en IRBR con duplicados en VEN. Se identificaron 47 especies en 30 géneros. Los géneros más importantes son: Epidendrum (8 spp.), Pleurothallis s.l. (3 spp.) y Prosthechea (3 spp.), y las especies más frecuentes fueron: Epidendrum subpurum, Acianthera lanceana y Scaphyglottis fusiformis. Así mismo, se señalan un nuevo reporte para la porción oriental de la Cordillera de la Costa: Acianthera miqueliana. Finalmente, el 20% de las especies mencionadas está señalado en el Libro Rojo de la Flora Venezolana: una en peligro crítico (Cattleya gaskelliana), tres especies vulnerables, una en peligro tres en menor riesgo/casi amenazadas y una (Prosthechea venezuelana) como insuficientemente conocida. Se presentan fotografías de algunas de las especies encontradas y una clave para su identificación.
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