From an Organizational Behavior perspective, it is important to recognize the links generated between individuals and the organization that encourage a desire for permanence. After more than a half century of research, Organizational Commitment remains one of the open questions in the Psychology of Organizations. It is considered an essential factor for explaining individual behavior in the organization such as satisfaction, turnover intention, or loyalty. In this paper, we analyze different contributions regarding the nature of the bond between the individual and the organization. Taking into account the peculiarities of Non-profit Organizations, we present different interpretation for later validation, comparing results from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the four models obtained using exploratory factor analysis, both conducted on a sample of 235 members of Non-profit Organizations.

Emotions are crucial to explaining consumer behavior. Following an in-depth review of the literature, we identified three types of emotional stimuli affecting consumers: emotions produced by the item being purchased, emotions related to various aspects of the evaluation process, and emotions stemming from factors unrelated to the purchase itself. Previous studies have identified two approaches to analyzing emotions, namely, a categorical approach, which looks at basic emotions, and a dimensional one, which studies the dimensions of the emotions. Although these approaches are thought to be complementary, very few studies have been conducted on the subject, and none have specifically examined it in the context of the tourism industry. We have thus conducted a detailed and empirical study measuring the basic emotions and emotional dimensions elicited by hotels in 841 tourists. We demonstrate the existence of differences in both basic emotions and emotional dimensions among tourists and the additional benefit of using both approaches to study them. The results of this research will facilitate the design of appropriate marketing strategies, thereby helping hospitality managers adapt to the different established tourism segments defined by emotions.

Wineries are using wine tourism to sell directly to consumers and develop brand equity. Studies show that emotions directly affect the purchase of products. However, they do not know the degree to which the emotions produced by the winery visit, the wine offer, or news about wine influence wine sales. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of emotions produced by the wine, the emotions produced by the winery visit and the emotions produced by the wine news on wine purchase intent. This paper applied structural equation modeling to a sample of 600 wine tourists in order to explain the influence of the emotions generated by the wine, the winery visit, and wine news on wine purchase intent. The results show that the different types of emotions affect tourists’ wine purchase intent differently. The percentage of variance explained was 34.6% for the model of the emotions produced by the wine vs. 10.3% for the model of the emotions produced by the winery visit and 6.3% for the model of the emotions produced by the wine news. The emotions produced by the wine offer have the greatest influence. The emotions produced by the winery visit were much less influential. Wine news had only a minor influence on purchase intent. Key findings for management are discussed.

RESUMENEn las últimas décadas han sido numerosas las aportaciones sobre los umbrales psicológicos de precios. La enorme cantidad de estudios provoca en ocasiones una confusión terminológica: el mismo término de umbral definido de formas diferentes o empleado para conceptos diferentes. A pesar de la importancia de los umbrales para comprender cómo los clientes perciben el precio, no existe ningún modelo comprehensivo que aglutine las diversas aportaciones y permita una visión global. Este trabajo presenta el "estado de la cuestión" analizando la literatura más relevante que abarca más de medio siglo detectando seis tipos de umbrales, sobre los que proponemos un modelo con las variables que influyen en su formación. Implicaciones prácticas para la gestión y limitaciones son también abordadas en este trabajo.Palabras clave: precio percibido, umbral psicológico, sensibilidad al precio, señal de calidad.Pelegrín-Borondo et al.Umbrales psicológicos de precios... Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales2014, vol. 24, 75-105 76 Sumario: 1. Introducción; 2 Delimitación conceptual del precio percibido; 3. Los umbrales psicológicos en la evaluación del precio percibido; 4. Carácter probabilístico de los umbrales psicológicos de precios; 5. Variables de formación de los umbrales psicológicos de precios; 6. Conclusiones; 7. Implicaciones para la gestión 8. Limitaciones y líneas de investigación futuras; Bibliografía.Price threholds: assesment model for competitive bidding ABSTRACT Academic interest in price thresholds has increased over the last decades.Consequently research and professional papers in this area have been rising. The exuberance in approaches to this subject can generate confusion about terms and definitions: terms are defined in different senses or are used with different meanings. Even when psychological threshold are crucial to understand client's price perception, we are not able to find global theoretical models. This paper analyzes on the state of the art, by reviewing the most the most significant contributions in academic literature of the last five decades. Based on our review we define six thresholds within a general model, including the main variables that determine all of them. Finally, we will discuss some research and practical consequences for both academics and practitioners. We conclude with limitations and future research in this area.78 la probabilidad de compra de los clientes. Así, estas dos fuerzas en sentidos opuestos generan la percepción final del consumidor frente a un precio. El precio como señal de calidadVolviendo al enfoque del precio como señal de calidad. El cliente utiliza este precio como señal de calidad, especialmente cuando no tiene a su alcance información relevante y relativa a los atributos intrínsecos -como tamaño o potencia-o a otros atributos extrínsecos -como la marca- (Zeithaml, 1988).Este enfoque se fundamenta en los problemas de asimetrías de información de la Economía de la Información, en donde se considera que existe distinto nivel de información en los distintos age...