No abstract

Rubus glaucus Benth (known as “mora de castilla”) is a Colombian agricultural product, with probably, the major potential. This fruit combines features of Idaeobatus and Rubus subgenera. Despite its recognized importance in the economy of small producers, this crop has received little technological development; as a result, sowing procedures of this specie is done by using local cultivars asexually propagated by producers. Associated Rubus producers in Colombia has noticed the necessity to formalize the offer of planting material, starting with plant breeding programs tending to the obtention of more productive varieties with morphological features that facilitates cultural activities. This study presents the results of the evaluation of SSR and SNPs markers obtained in previous experimental works from a RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis. It was evaluated 15 promissory R. glaucus cultivars, which could be potential progenitors in future breeding schemes. Genetic characterization was accomplished by testing 22 SSR microsatellite and 78 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. From evaluated SSR markers, 15 yielded positive PCR amplification generating 29 loci and 58 alleles. From evaluated SNPs markers, 36 yielded positive PCR amplification. Obtained sequences from amplified products with SNPs showed high homology with species belonging to Rosaceae family. Selection criteria of progenitors were based on the results of molecular characterizations and useful morphological features in the culture management. This research demonstrates the utility of molecular markers to assess genetic diversity of potential progenitors susceptible to plant breeding processes. This process, highly known as development of parental populations, determines in a great manner the success of plant breeding processes.

Fue empleado el método REML/BLUP para estimar los parámetros genéticos, y seleccionar los mejores individuos provenientes de una población de hermanos germanos de Dura x Dura, a partir de un análisis de correlación entre caracteres, realizando un agrupamiento de familias por disimilaridad multivariada y determinación del número de medidas repetidas necesarias para la selección de las características (número y peso medio de racimos). Fueron evaluadas 24 familias procedentes de tres ensayos del banco de germoplasma de la estación experimental Santo Domingo del INIAP en Ecuador. La evaluación fue realizada en un periodo de cinco años, empleando un diseño en bloques al azar, con doce plantas por parcela y cuatro repeticiones. La variabilidad de la población en relación a las características evaluadas y heredabilidad de individuos dentro del bloque, similar a la encontrada dentro de familias en las parcelas. La ganancia genética de las 10 plantas seleccionadas representa un 43% superior a la media general. La correlación fue baja y negativa para número de racimos y peso medio de racimos. Con base en el agrupamiento de Tocher se obtuvieron seis grupos, donde el grupo IV agrupa las familias seleccionadas por el Rank-medio multivariado (3A, 5C y 7B). Se puede concluir que las estimativas obtenidas por el BLUP, estimulan la continuidad del programa de mejoramiento genético de racimos, con posibilidad de maximizar las ganancias genéticas en generaciones futuras.

The low annual growth rate of the stipe in oil palm progenies is desirable to increase these crops’ productive and economic life. Recurrent reciprocal selection (R.R.S.) has allowed the development of oil palm populations through several breeding cycles with an increased frequency of favorable alleles associated with traits of interest. The present study evaluated families derived from Deli dura × African dura crosses. For 12 years, the yield, vegetative characteristics, and the amount of oil in seven dura progenies were assessed to estimate, from the information collected, the genetic parameters, heritability, and phenotypic correlations among quantitative genetic traits of high-yielding dwarf progenies. The analysis was carried out using analysis of variance, followed by a comparison of means for all estimated traits. The effect of the progenies was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) for most traits. The yield values, expressed in fresh fruit bunches (FFB) for the progenies, ranged from 165 to 208 kg per palm per year. The oil-to-bunch ratio (O/B) ranged from 17% to 19%, with an overall average of 18%. One of the essential characteristics in this study was the vertical growth of the stipe. Progenies P6 and P7 were identified as those with the lowest annual increase in height, with values of 0.29 and 0.33 m year−1. The values indicate that these are slow-growing cultivars with a high FFB yield and O/B. The highest heritabilities were found for the vegetative trait height (71.62%) and the number of leaflets (46.64%). The development of dura parents with slow growth characteristics in combination with a high bunch and oil production allows extending the productive life of the crop to more than 35 years, providing added value to obtaining differentiated cultivars of oil palm.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um processo de integração de mapas genéticos, com o uso do inverso da variância, e testar sua eficiência. Foram utilizadas populações simuladas F 2 codominante e de retrocruzamento, com tamanhos populacionais de 100, 150, 200 e 400 indivíduos, tendo-se considerado uma espécie diploide fictícia com 2n = 2x = 2 cromossomos, com o comprimento total do genoma por grupo de ligação estipulado em 100 cM, 21 marcas por grupo de ligação e marcadores equidistantes em 5 cM. Os genomas foram comparados quanto ao tamanho do grupo de ligação, variância das distâncias entre marcas adjacentes, correlação de Spearman e quanto ao estresse relativo à adequação das distâncias estimadas. Cada genoma simulado foi fragmentado em quatro novos mapas: três com oito marcadores e um com nove marcadores, cada qual com quatro marcadores âncoras. Os mapas foram alinhados, ordenados, integrados e, em seguida, comparados ao mapa de origem. O processo de integração de mapas proposto mostrou-se eficiente. Os mapas gerados tiveram pequena tensão interna em comparação aos mapas dos quais se originaram. A integração de mapas depende do tipo de população utilizada, tamanho da população, tipo de marcador, da frequência de recombinação e da fase de ligação.Termos para indexação: frequência de recombinação, grupos de ligação, marcador molecular, tensão interna. Variance utilization as an alternative methodology for integrating genetic mapsAbstract -The objective of this work was to develop an integration process of genetic maps using the inverse variance, and to test its efficiency. Simulated F 2 codominant populations and backcrosses of 100, 150, 200, and 400 plants were used, considering a virtual diploid species with 2n = 2x = 2 chromosomes, with total genome length per linkage group estipulated in 100 cM, 21 marks per linkage group, and equidistant markers spaced at 5 cM. The genomes were compared for linkage group size, distance variance between adjacent marks, Spearman correlation and stress related to the estimated distances adequation. Each simulated genome was fragmented into four new maps: three with eight makers and one with nine, each containing four anchor markers. The maps were aligned, ordered, integrated and, then, compared with the original map. The proposed map integration process proved to be effective. The generated maps showed a little internal tension in comparison to the original ones. Map integration depends on the population type, population size, marker type, recombination frequency, and on the linkage phase.

The success of breeding programs depends on the available genetic variability and the adequate selection of parents to produce seeds that generate added value to the developed cultivars that solve limiting problems of the crops. The determination of genetic gain is a powerful tool to advance the selection of outstanding progenitors that are subsequently used to obtain improved cultivars for traits of interest. With the main objective of calculating the genetic gain in different cycles, this research evaluated the yield, vegetative parameters, and oil production components in two oil palm populations identified as C0-Monterrey and C1-Vizcaina. The analysis was carried out using the analysis of variance. Genetic variation and heritability coefficients for all the evaluated traits were also calculated to obtain the components of phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. Genetic gains (Δg) were more representative in the yield traits of fresh fruit bunches, with 19%, for the number of bunches per plant, with a Δg of 18.7%, and for the oil to bunch with a Δg of 6%. Low environmental influences were observed in the phenotypic variation for the different traits evaluated. Finally, high heritability values were observed for genetic traits such as height increase, with 93%, and average bunch weight, with 85%. The development of new progenies using elite dura-type female parents derived from these evaluated populations, with excellent yields of fresh fruit, bunch components, and slow growth, will be the future of oil palm cultivation. In the meantime, progeny trials must focus on improving the ability to select outstanding parents for the best DxP progenies.

La familia Psittacidae es uno de los grupos con mayor declive poblacional a causa de la cacería, fragmentación y degradación de hábitat. Los programas de conservación y de reintroducción requieren la identificación del sexo en todos los individuos para realizar análisis de parentesco, estimar parámetros demográficos y lograr que las liberaciones o reintroducciones de individuos tengan mayor probabilidad de éxito al liberar grupos conformados por machos y hembras en edad reproductiva o de parejas ya establecidas. En los psitácidos la discriminación sexual presenta dificultades debido a la ausencia de dimorfismo sexual y a que los métodos tradicionales de sexaje son traumáticos o requieren protocolos extensos que no funcionan en individuos juveniles. En este sentido, las herramientas moleculares y algunas citogenéticas resultan efectivas por ser poco invasivas y tener una mayor sensibilidad. Tanto las herramientas moleculares como las citogenéticas empleadas en este estudio permitieron la diferenciación entre machos y hembras de ocho especies de psitácidos (Amazona amazónica, Amazona festiva, Amazona ochrocephala, Ara ararauna, Ara macao, Ara severa, Aratinga wagleri y Pionus menstruus). En términos generales, la eficiencia de la reacción de PCR para amplificar los genes CHD-Z y CHD-W para los individuos muestreados fue del 83 % (34 de 41 individuos amplificados). En un total de 32 individuos de seis especies de psitácidos (A. ararauna, A. macao, A. festiva, A. ochrocephala, P. menstruus) se hizo posible la diferenciación por cariotipo en 25 de ellas, lo que representa una sensibilidad del 78 % para la prueba citogenética de sexaje. No fue posible obtener un número suficiente de metafases con el fin de establecer el patrón de cariotipo de A. wagleri y A. severa por el bajo número de individuos. El sexaje de psitácidos puede realizarse a través de cualquiera de estos dos métodos, aunque el sexaje citogenético resulta inconveniente para las especies que no tienen cariotipo definido tal como es el caso de A. severa y A. wagleri. El sexaje molecular proporciona una técnica poco invasiva, eficaz y rápida para obtener el sexo de individuos mediante la utilización de los iniciadores P2 y P8.